Impacts of different intensities of exercise on inflammation and hypoxia markers in low altitude

Abstract

Background This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes. Methods Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO2 max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min−1. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO2 max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured. Results There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO2 max and 75% VO2 max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO2 max; 50% VO2 max, and 100% VO2 max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Prediction of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity From Selected Oxidative Stress Parameters, Muscle Damage Indices and Inflammatory Markers in Soccer and Hockey Players

“…All significantly correlated variables show that the exercise-induced biomarkers increased with the improvement in performance (VȮ2max and Wpeak). Similar observations were made by Sarkar et al [8], Baygutalp et al [19], Dokumaci et al [10], and Rosa et al [20], where performance had a strong correlation with antioxidant status and inflammatory markers.…”

“…The present study was in agreement with the report of Sarkar et al [8], where the researchers reported similar exercise-induced biomarkers for predicting VȮ2max but failed to identify significant markers to predict endurance capacity. Therefore, the studied prediction observation is quite strong, where MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α were the identified predictor variables that can significantly predict VȮ2max with the maximal weightage to MDA [10,19,20].…”

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle as a Central Regulator of the Rate of Aging: Implications for Metabolic Interventions

“…Physical exercise induces hypoxia in the mouse intestine, liver, and kidney [ 172 ] and raises serum HIF‐1 α level in people. [ 173 ] It would be interesting to determine whether some of the health benefits of exercise are mediated by HIF‐1 α . Exercise may help preserve the capacity for HIF‐1 α signaling, as transcription of a gene likely prevents its methylation.…”