Impacts of disinfection byproduct exposures on male reproductive health: Current evidence, possible mechanisms and future needs

Urinary haloacetic acid concentrations in relation to sex and thyroid hormones among reproductive-aged men

“…HAAs have been demonstrated to adversely affect the development of gonads (e.g., testes and ovaries) and the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones, such as E2, T, LH, and FSH ( Krassas et al, 2010 ; Balchak et al, 2000 ; Goldman and Murr, 2003 ; Linder et al, 1994 ). Similarly, HAAs are reported to disrupt thyroid function and thyroid hormone homeostasis in experimental studies ( Wang et al, 2022 ; Revis et al, 1986 ; Poon et al, 2003 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ). Although HAA exposure has been associated with changes in sex hormones among women ( Liu et al, 2022 ; Deng et al, 2022 ), to our knowledge, no studies have yet examined the associations of HAA exposure with sex or thyroid hormones among reproductive-aged males.…”