Impacts of Europe's changing climate – 2008 indicator based assessment

Gauging Through the Crowd: A Crowd‐Sourcing Approach to Urban Rainfall Measurement and Storm Water Modeling Implications

“…This is especially true for urban watersheds where the runoff response to rainfall is much faster because of the watersheds' relatively low interception and infiltration rates (Bruni et al, ; Gires et al, ; Mejía & Moglen, ). Therefore, high quality rainfall intensity data sets are critical for the effective modeling and management of storm water, particularly for the early warning and mitigation of urban flash floods, which have been estimated to be responsible for approximately one‐third of all economic losses due to natural hazards in Europe (Jol et al, ), and more than 4,000 deaths worldwide every year (Jonkman, ). However, current rainfall monitoring systems consisting of rain gauges and radars are unable to provide sufficiently high quality data for accurate storm water modeling (Emmanuel et al, ; Schellart et al, ), especially in the case of developing countries where rain gauge and radar station networks are still underdeveloped.…”

Climate change impact on Lake Tana water storage, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

“…In Ethiopia, the annual average temperature trend has increased by 0.37 o c every ten years over the last four decades, which is comparatively lower than the global increase in temperature. During the second half of the 1990s, the majority of temperature rises occurred (Jol, Raes, and Menne, 2009).In the dry and hotspot areas of the nation located in the Northern, Northeastern, and Eastern regions, the temperature rise was more dominant. As these areas are dry and mainly exposed to flooding during intense and regular rainfall occurring in highland areas of Ethiopia, the lowlands of Ethiopia are highly affected.…”

Αποτελέσματα Εισοδήματος Στην Οριακή Επιθυμία Για Πληρωμή Μέσα Στο Πλαίσιο Του Κοινοτικού Πλαισίου Για Τους Υδάτινους Πόρους

“…Algae blooms in EU marine waters now occur one month earlier than 30-40 years ago (Jol et al 2009) and the growth period of algae is expected to last longer in the North Sea, affecting the harvesting of shellfish (Peperzak 2005). Changes in sea surface temperature also accelerate algae growth, along with nutrient and light abundance, and increases in algae appearances have been documented in the North Sea and eastern North Atlantic while decreases have been detected in the north-west of the European Shelf (Jol et al 2009). Algae blooms are not necessarily harmful but excessive accumulation of micro-algae can initiate the cycle of eutrophication.…”

“…Additionally, changes to water ecosystems due to climate change refer to changes to ice sheet covers in lakes and rivers, particularly in the northern hemisphere, have been recorded (Jol et al 2009). Ice sheet are formed when air temperatures are below 0˚C and are of importance for biodiversity, oxygen conditions, nutrient cycling and underwater light levels (Jol et al 2009). During the last century, the mean number of days of ice sheet coverage has reduced by 12 days, with ice cover being reduced and ice break-up occurring earlier (Jol et al 2009).…”

“…Ice sheet are formed when air temperatures are below 0˚C and are of importance for biodiversity, oxygen conditions, nutrient cycling and underwater light levels (Jol et al 2009). During the last century, the mean number of days of ice sheet coverage has reduced by 12 days, with ice cover being reduced and ice break-up occurring earlier (Jol et al 2009). Franssen and Scherrer (2008) found a reduction of ice sheet covers in 11 alpine Swiss lakes in the past century, as do Blenckner et al (2007) in 196 lakes in Sweden.…”