Impacts of global warming on Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems

Benton, Michael J.; Newell, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.010

Cited by 238 publications

(215 citation statements)

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“…The situation for the middle Dienerian is rather enigmatic, a late Dienerian or early Smithian extinction event in the marine realm has been suggested Galfetti et al, 2007a) but is not confirmed. The conclusion that the endPermian mass extinction was less profound for plants (Benton and Newell, 2014) might be correct in taxonomical terms. Plant extinction rates might have been not as high as in the marine fauna, however, terrestrial ecosystems very well responded distinctly to environmental changes during and after the end-Permian mass extinction event.…”

Section: Skmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Eshet et al, 1995;Steiner et al, 2003), followed by a long-lasting (5 Myr) recovery interval (Looy et al, 1999). In a recent review on the effects of the end-Permian extinction on terrestrial plants Benton and Newell (2014) still conclude that a fungal spike (high abundance of Reduviasporonites) represents the dieback of gymnosperms and initiates the Early Triassic dominance of pioneering plants. However, recent studies proved that floral dynamics around the Permian-Triassic boundary and during the Early Triassic were far more complex.…”

Section: Skmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)

et al. 2015

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Section: Skmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Skmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)

et al. 2015

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“…The Permo-Triassic mass extinction occurred ∼252 million years ago, and produced a dramatic change in the composition of floral and faunal communities (Raup and Sepkoski, 1982;Erwin, 1994;Looy et al, 2001;Benton and Twitchett, 2003;Fröbisch, 2013;Benton and Newell, 2014;Smith and Botha-Brink, 2014). In the case of vertebrates, numerous new lineages first appeared or Institutional Abbreviations: AM, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa; BRSUG, University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, Bristol, UK; EXEMS, Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, UK; FZB, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; GPIT, Paläontologische Sammlung der Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; ISI, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India; MACN-Pv, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia, " Paleontología de Vertebrados, Buenos Aires, Argentina; NHMUK PV, Natural History Museum, Palaeontology Vertebrates, London, UK; PIMUZ, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; PVSJ, Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina; SAM-PK, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa; SIDMM, Sidmouth Museum, Sidmouth, UK; SHYMS, Shropshire Museums, Ludlow, UK; UFRGS, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; WARMS, Warwickshire Museum, Warwick, UK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Early Evolution of Rhynchosaurs

2016

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The rhynchosaurian archosauromorphs are an important and diverse group of fossil tetrapods that first appeared during the Early Triassic and probably became extinct during the early Late Triassic (early Norian). Here, the early evolution of rhynchosaurs during the Early and early Middle Triassic (Induan-Anisian: 252.2-242 Mya) is reviewed based on new anatomical observations and their implications for the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships and macroevolutionary history of the group. A quantitative phylogenetic analysis recovered a paraphyletic genus Rhynchosaurus, with "Rhynchosaurus" brodiei more closely related to hyperodapedontines than to Rhynchosaurus articeps. Therefore, a new genus is erected, resulting in the new combination Langeronyx brodiei. A body size analysis found two independent increases in size in the evolutionary history of rhynchosaurs, one among stenaulorhynchines and the other in the hyperodapedontine lineage. Maximum likelihood fitting of phenotypic evolution models to body size data found ambiguous results, with body size evolution potentially interpreted as fitting either a non-directional Brownian motion model or a stasis model. A Dispersal-ExtinctionCladogenesis analysis reconstructed the areas that are now South Africa and Europe as the ancestral areas of Rhynchosauria and Rhynchosauridae, respectively. The reconstruction of dispersal events between geographic areas that are broadly separated paleolatitudinally implies that barriers to the dispersal of rhynchosaurs from either side of the paleo-Equator during the Middle Triassic were either absent or permeable.

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“…The extinction rate of the Paleozoic marine invertebrate genera at the P-TB allegedly reached ca. 70%, and more or less the same change occurred in land animals (Benton and Newell 2014;Smith and Botha-Brink 2014). The extraordinarily large loss in biodiversity suggests the occurrence of global scale environmental changes.…”

Section: Permo-triassic Boundary Superanoxia and Extinctionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Memories of Pre-Jurassic Lost Oceans: How To Retrieve Them From Extant Lands

Isozaki

2014

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The information reflected in mid-oceanic sedimentary deposits provides critical constraints for reconstructing past global environmental changes. Available data from extant oceans, however, are limited to the Early Jurassic and younger ages, because older oceanic plates have been subducted. This article explains methods for obtaining information on pre-Jurassic mid-oceanic conditions by conducting fieldwork on older orogenic belts exposed on land. The key point is the identification of ancient accretionary complexes (AC), not along currently active margins but within older orogenic belts in continental domains, particularly by recognizing ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) that contains mid-oceanic strata, as demonstrated by studies of on-land exposed ancient AC in Japan and elsewhere. In this paper, six examples of retrieved mid-oceanic sedimentary data are introduced, in which significant records on the following unique events in the pre-Jurassic world are archived: 1) the extinction-related Paleozoic–Mesozoic boundary superanoxia (based on data from the Jurassic AC in SW Japan); 2) the Permian Kamura cooling event in the mid-Panthalassa (ditto); 3) the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth evidence from the mid-Iapetus Ocean (based on data from the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian AC in Wales, UK); 4) the discovery of enigmatic Ediacaran (Neoproterozoic) microfossils from a mid-oceanic atoll complex (based on data from the Cambrian AC in southern Siberia, Russia); and 5) and 6) Early Archean (3.8 and 3.5 Ga) biogenic signatures in mid-oceanic deep-sea environments (based on data from the Eoarchean AC at Isua in Greenland, and the Paleoarchean one in Pilbara, Western Australia). These results demonstrate the great utility of OPS analysis for understanding pre-Jurassic lost oceans, including the early biological and environmental evolution of the globe. SOMMAIRELes informations enregistrées dans les dépôts sédimentaires médio-océaniques constituent des contraintes logiques qui permettent de reconstituer les changements environnementaux globaux. Cela dit, l’information sur de grands pans de fonds océaniques est limitée aux fonds océaniques Jurassiques précoces et plus jeunes, parce que les fonds océaniques plus anciens ont été subduits. Le présent article explique des méthodes permettant d’obtenir de l’information sur les milieux médio-océaniques pré-jurassiques par des levés de terrain sur des ceintures orogéniques affleurant sur terre. L’idée centrale consiste à circonscrire d’anciens complexes d’accrétion (AC), hors des marges actives actuelles, soit dans les ceintures orogéniques plus anciennes au sein des domaines continentaux, en y repérant des contextes stratigraphiques de plaques océaniques (OPS) qui renferment des strates médio-océaniques, comme ça a été fait lors études d’AC affleurant au Japon et ailleurs. Le présent document décrit six exemples de contextes stratigraphiques de plaques océaniques où on trouve des indices importants des événements pré-jurassiques uniques suivants : 1) l’extinction liée à la super-anoxie de la limite Paléozoïque-Mésozoïque (à partir des données d’un AC jurassique dans le sud-ouest du Japon); 2) l’épisode de refroidissement permien de Kamura du Panthalassa moyen; 3) l’épisode néoprotérozoïque de « Terre boule de neige » conservé par l’océan mi-japétien (selon les données de l’AC néoprotérozoïque-cambrien dans les Wales au Royaume-Uni); 4) la découverte de microfossiles édiacariens (Néoprotérozoïque) d’un complexe d’atolls médio-océaniques (selon les données d’un AC cambrien du sud-est sibérien, Russie); et 5 et 6) des signatures biogéniques de milieux médio-océaniques profonds de l’Archéen précoce (3,8 et 3,5 Ga) (selon les données d’un AC éoarchéen à Isua au Groenland, et d’un AC paléoarchéen à Pilbara, Australie). Ces résultats montrent la grande utilité de l'analyse de la stratigraphie des plaques océaniques pour comprendre les océans pré-Jurassique, de même que l'évolution des débuts de la vie et des milieux de vie sur Terre.

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Impacts of global warming on Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems

Cited by 238 publications

References 240 publications

Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)

Vegetation history across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Pakistan (Amb section, Salt Range)

The Early Evolution of Rhynchosaurs

Memories of Pre-Jurassic Lost Oceans: How To Retrieve Them From Extant Lands

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