Impacts of mowing and bud destruction on <i>Centaurea solstitialis</i> growth, flowering, root dynamics and soil moisture

Spencer, David F.; Enloe, Stephen F.; Pitcairn, Michael J.; DiTomaso, Joseph M.

doi:10.1111/wre.12058

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…These late capitula contributed only 6% of the total seasonal production of seed. Spencer et al [ 32 ] showed that early bud loss on C. solstitialis reduced capitulum size, which resulted in a reduction of 21% in expected seed output per plant. At the Napa site in 1995, the mean capitula diameter for plants with E. villosus was 7% smaller than the mean capitula diameter for plants without the weevil, suggesting that adult feeding damage of immature buds may result in smaller capitula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Impact of Eustenopus villosus on Centaurea solstitialis Seed Production in California

Pitcairn

Woods

Joley

et al. 2021

Insects

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The impact of the capitulum weevil Eustenopus villosus on Centaurea solstitialis seed production was examined at two field sites in central California. The study occurred in 1993–1995 during the early phases of the biological control program on C. solstitialis and before the current guild of capitulum insects had become widespread. Results showed that adult feeding on early flower buds resulted in 60–70% of buds failing to develop. Regrowth delayed capitulum production by 9 days and extended production by 4 weeks at season end. Between 69% and 92% of capitula were punctured from feeding or oviposition but the occurrence of larvae in capitula ranged from 27% to 49%. Seed production in C. solstitialis capitula increased linearly with size. The occurrence of larvae was proportionally higher in larger capitula (>8 mm) but the probability of attack for individual capitula did not vary with plant size. Total seed loss from larval feeding ranged from 34 to 47%. It is recommended that another survey be performed to determine if the level of infestation of E. villosus has increased since its initial introduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adult weevils emerge in late spring and undergo a period of host feeding. Adults of both sexes feed on young flower buds (<3 mm in diameter) [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. This early bud feeding can be severe and many plants can lose all initial flower buds.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Impact of Eustenopus villosus on Centaurea solstitialis Seed Production in California

Pitcairn

Woods

Joley

et al. 2021

Insects

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“…However, an experimental field study failed to show population‐level impact of capitula insects on YST population density (Garren & Strauss, ). Mowing experiments reduced YST growth and reproduction more than herbivore capitula damage alone (Spencer et al , ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L): prospective analysis of the impact of the rosette weevil (Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger))

et al. 2016

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1 Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L) (YST) is an invasive weed native to the Mediterranean region with a geographical centre of diversity in Turkey. It is widely established in Chile, Australia, and western North America. It arrived in California as a contaminant in alfalfa seed in 1859 and, by 2002, had infested >7.7 million hectares in the U.S.A. 2 Biological control of YST using capitula feeding weevils, picture wing flies and a foliar rust pathogen has been ongoing in the western U.S.A. for more than three decades with limited success. Modelling and field research suggest natural enemies that kill whole plants and/or reduce seed production of survivors are good candidates for successful biological control. A candidate species with some of these attributes is the rosette weevil Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger). 3 In the present study, a model of the rosette weevil is added to an extant system model of YST and its capitula feeding natural enemies and, in a GIS context, is used to assess YST control in the Palearctic region and the weevil's potential impact on YST in western U.S.A. 4 The results obtained suggest densities of mature YST plants in western U.S.A. would be reduced by 70-80% in many areas.

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“…According to the results of Peng [ 36 ], two categories of old and medium adult trees have grown for more than 15 years; that is, the occurrence of these individuals, prior to the implementation of the alternative seasonal grazing-mowing regime, is a result of interactions among year-round free grazing and abiotic factors (such as climate, soil and microgeomorphology)[ 48 ]. There are fewer juvenile trees in all 3 plots, therefore their spatial pattern have not been analysed in this study ( Table 1 ; Fig 8 and S5 Fig ), the individual age of the juvenile tree category is less than 15 years old, which coincides with the implementation period of the alternative seasonal grazing-mowing regime to a great extent; it can be deduced that the majority of one-year or multiyear seedlings that remained and grew from juveniles to adults[ 49 , 50 ] during the year-round free grazing procedure due to selective feeding of livestock, might be harvested by the nonselective mowing activity in autumn[ 51 – 54 ]. This deduction can better explain why numerous seedlings (germinated mostly in the current year) existed in aggregations in our August investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial Pattern and Interactions of Woody Plants on the Temperate Savanna of Inner Mongolia, China: The Effects of Alternating Seasonal Grazing-Mowing Regimes

Xiao

Zhang

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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Ulmus pumila tree-dominated temperate savanna, which is distributed widely throughout the forest-steppe ecotone on the Mongolian Plateau, is a relatively stable woody-herbaceous complex ecosystem in northern China. Relatively more attention has been paid to the degradation of typical steppe areas, whereas less focus has been placed on the succession of this typical temperate savanna under the present management regime. In this study, we established 3 sample plots 100 m×100 m in size along a gradient of fixed distances from one herder’s stationary site and then surveyed all the woody plants in these plots. A spatial point pattern analysis was employed to clarify the spatial distribution and interaction of these woody plants. The results indicated that old U. pumila trees (DBH ≥ 20 cm) showed a random distribution and that medium U. pumila trees (5 cm ≤ DBH < 20 cm) showed an aggregated distribution at a smaller scale and a random distribution at a larger scale; few or no juvenile trees (DBH < 5 cm) were present, and seedlings (without DBH) formed aggregations in all 3 plots. These findings can be explained by an alternate seasonal grazing-mowing regime (exclosure in summer, mowing in autumn and grazing in winter and spring); the shrubs in all 3 plots exist along a grazing gradient that harbors xerophytic and mesophytic shrubs. Of these shrubs, xerophytic shrubs show significant aggregation at a smaller scale (0-5.5 m), whereas mesophytic shrubs show significant aggregation at a larger scale (0-25 m), which may be the result of the dual effects of grazing pressure and climate change. Medium trees and seedlings significantly facilitate the distributions of xerophytic shrubs and compete significantly with mesophytic shrubs due to differences in water use strategies. We conclude that the implementation of an alternative grazing-mowing regime results in xerophytic shrub encroachment or existence, breaking the chain of normal succession in a U. pumila tree community in this typical temperate savanna ecosystem. This might eventually result in the degradation of the original tree-dominated savanna to a xerophytic shrub-dominated savanna.

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Impacts of mowing and bud destruction on Centaurea solstitialis growth, flowering, root dynamics and soil moisture

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of the Impact of Eustenopus villosus on Centaurea solstitialis Seed Production in California

Evaluation of the Impact of Eustenopus villosus on Centaurea solstitialis Seed Production in California

Assessing the biological control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L): prospective analysis of the impact of the rosette weevil (Ceratapion basicorne (Illiger))

The Spatial Pattern and Interactions of Woody Plants on the Temperate Savanna of Inner Mongolia, China: The Effects of Alternating Seasonal Grazing-Mowing Regimes

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