Impacts of nanoparticles and phosphonates in the behavior and oxidative status of the mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Abstract

The current study investigated the exposure of the Mediterranean mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) to gold nanoparticles decorated zinc oxide (Au-ZnO NPs) and phosphonate [Diethyl (3-cyano-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-methylpropyl)] phosphate (PC). The mussels were exposed to concentrations of 50 and 100 µg L -1 of both compounds alone, as well as to a mixture of both pollutants (i.e. Mix). The singular and the combined effect of each pollutant was investigated by measuring the concentration of various metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Au) in the the digestive glands and gills of mussels, their filtration capacity (FC), respiration rate (RR) and the response of oxidative biomarkers, respectively, following 14 days of exposure. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Au increased directly with Au-ZnO NPs in mussel tissues, but significantly only for Zn. In contrast, the mixture of Au-ZnO100 NPs and PC100 did not induce any significant increase in the content of metals in digetsve glands and gills, suggesting antagonistic interactions between contaminants. In addition, FC and RR levels decreased following exposure to Au-ZnO100 NPs and PC100 treatments and no significant alterations were observed after the exposure to 50 µg.L -1 of both contaminants and Mix. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) level, GSH/GSSG ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities showed significant changes following the exposure to both Au-ZnO NPs and PC, in the gills and the digestive glands of the mussel. However, no significant modifications were observed in both organs following the exposure to Mix. The current study advances the understanding of the toxicity of NPs and phosphonates on M. galloprovincialis and sets the path for future ecotoxicological studies regarding the synergic effects of these substances on marine species. Moreover, the current experiment suggests that the oxidative stress and the neurotoxic pathways are responsive following the exposure of marine invertebrates to both nanoparticles and phosphonates, with potential antagonist interactions of these substances on the physiology of targeted species.

Investigation on the Toxicity of Nanoparticle Mixture in Rainbow Trout Juveniles

“…The inhibitions were associated with increased lipid peroxidation. In the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis , exposure to zinc-coated gold nanoparticles increased total levels of Zn in tissues and inhibited AChE as well [ 53 ]. The enzyme AChE was also inhibited by zinc-coated nanoparticles of 100 nm diameter in the gills and digestive gland of mussels but not with the 50 nm diameter one.…”

Ecotoxicity of Emerging Contaminants in the Reproductive Organ of Marine Mussels Mytilus Galloprovincialis

“…Inevitably, these CECs will end up all together in the ocean and, although crucially important to understand the toxicity that these CECs pose to marine life, it is also of uttermost importance to comprehend how their toxicity differs when the CECs are present all together. Mixtures of CECs are lately getting much attention; however most data focus on mixtures of contaminants belonging to the same group (Affek et al, 2018;Brezovšek et al, 2014;Elersek et al, 2016;Mater et al, 2014;Novak et al, 2017), whilst some focus on microplastics and pharmaceuticals interactions (Martín et al, 2022;Pashaei et al, 2022;Qu et al, 2018;Sellami et al, 2021), and others on micro/nanoplastic interaction with metals and metal nanoparticles (Davranche et al, 2019;Estrela et al, 2021;Yu et al, 2019). So, the question arises to how toxic are mixtures of differently classed CECs, such as engineered nanoparticles, nanoplastic pollution, and pharmaceuticals, towards the marine environment, and whether the interaction of these contaminants are more severe.…”

Ecotoxicity of Emerging Contaminants in the Reproductive Organ of Marine Mussels Mytilus Galloprovincialis

“…Inevitably, these CECs will end up all together in the ocean and, although crucially important to understand the toxicity that these CECs pose to marine life, it is also of uttermost importance to comprehend how their toxicity differs when the CECs are present all together. Mixtures of CECs are lately getting much attention; however most data focus on mixtures of contaminants belonging to the same group (Affek et al, 2018;Brezovšek et al, 2014;Elersek et al, 2016;Mater et al, 2014;Novak et al, 2017), whilst some focus on microplastics and pharmaceuticals interactions (Martín et al, 2022;Pashaei et al, 2022;Qu et al, 2018;Sellami et al, 2021), and others on micro/nanoplastic interaction with metals and metal nanoparticles (Davranche et al, 2019;Estrela et al, 2021;Yu et al, 2019). So, the question arises to how toxic are mixtures of differently classed CECs, such as engineered nanoparticles, nanoplastic pollution, and pharmaceuticals, towards the marine environment, and whether the interaction of these contaminants are more severe.…”