Impacts of operating conditions and solution chemistry on osmotic membrane structure and performance

Limits of power production due to finite membrane area in pressure retarded osmosis

“…Figure 7 shows that the average CP moduli (βd and βf) in the exchanger decrease and approach unity as MTUπ increases for a range of MR in the case of combining seawater and river water. For the case of seawater and river water, the feed-side internal CP is a larger issue than the draw CP, a result in agreement with literature [2,4,25,27]. Figure 7 also shows that the largest deviation of β from unity is for high values of MR at low…”

“…Studies of the power production possible with PRO systems have often been based on the zero-dimensional approximation model [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Under that model, the power produced by the system, comprised of an exchanger, a pump, and a turbine, is linearly proportional to the membrane area.…”

Recent advancements in forward osmosis desalination: A review

“…Despite FO possessing these favorable characteristics, there are several challenges faced by FO that limit its application in large scale processes. Some of these limiting factors include concentration polarization, membrane fouling, and reverse solute diffusion, which are governed by factors like membrane orientation [1], inadequate membrane design [47], concentration and nature of draw and/or feed solution and operating conditions (temperature of feed/draw solute) [48].…”

Lab scale assessment of power generation using pressure retarded osmosis from wastewater treatment plants in the state of Kuwait

“…Recent studies have focused on the details of water and salt transportation through PRO membranes [18,19], new membrane materials and structures that can enhance water permeability and energy density [20][21][22], the effects of fouling on PRO membranes [23][24][25][26], and the viability of desalination plants hybridized with PRO systems [27][28][29][30][31]. Researchers have also investigated new membrane module designs such as the modified spiral-wound membrane or optimized hollow-fibre designs [32,33].…”