“…The literature on PES in Vietnam has increased significantly since the pilot and implementation on PFES policy. So far there are two main bodies of PFES literature: one focuses its performance, whether it is environmental (Dang Do & NaRanong, 2019;Paudyal et al, 2020), economic (Pham et al, 2021;Dinh, 2022), or social , Haas et al, 2019, Pham & Roongtawanreongsri, 2022 -this body of literature often links PFES performance and effectiveness with either benefit distribution systems or (the lack of) monitoring, reporting and verification system; the other one is interested in the institutional, organisational and operational structure of PFES that mainly raises concerns surrounding "fairness arguments": transparency, equity, and participation Yang et al, 2016;Hass et al, 2019;Lan et al, 2020;Ngoc et al, 2021). A smaller proportion of the literature describes PFES more comprehensively as a policy practice by analysing the policy documents, case studies, and pre-existing literature but often with subjective lens of the authors and lack of multi-dimension lens of the complex situation through which PES can be understood (Van Hecken et al, 2018).…”