Impacts of tariff escalation on the environment: Literature review and synthesis

Hecht, Joy E.

doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00064-8

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Empirical studies show that as developing countries move into processing their ad valorem shipping costs increase [Waters, 1970;Yeats, 1977;Clark, 1981;Amjadi and Yeats, 1995b]. This is attributed to the institutional structure of the shipping industry [Hecht, 1997[Hecht, : 1709. Most marine shipping is by liners or tramps.…”

Section: Conclusion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda

Milner¹,

Morrissey²,

Rudaheranwa³

2000

Journal of Development Studies

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Uganda has made significant progress in reducing policy-induced anti-export bias in its trade policy in the 1990s. Taxes on exports have been abolished, and import protection has been reduced considerably. Such trade barriers are only a component of thee transaction costs associated with trade. Poor infrastructure, notably by increasing transport costs, and institutional inefficiencies can significantly increase trade costs. The effective protection of imports, and implicit tax on exports, due to transport costs is calculated and compared to effective protection due to trade policy barriers for Uganda. The results reveal that transport costs are often very high, in many cases representing a greater cost (tax) to exporters than trade policy.Trade, Taxation of Exports, Trade Policy Barriers, Uganda,

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Section: Conclusion and Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda

Milner¹,

Morrissey²,

Rudaheranwa³

2000

Journal of Development Studies

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“…In fact, the contribution of manufactured goods in Brazil's exports increased from less than 30 percent in 1974 to more than 50 percent in 1981, oscillating between 50 and 60 percent ever since (Cardoso, 2009). Even though the relative environmental impacts of primary and processing activities are difficult to evaluate and compare, in general, the environmental degradation arising from producing primary products is more severe than that caused by further processing (Hecht, 1997;but see OECD, 1996). More precisely, the production of primary commodities affects the long-term sustainability of the resource base, through deforestation, soil erosion, fertilizer/pesticide residue, habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, etc., whereas processing activities result in water, air and land pollution (OECD, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the human appropriation of land in Brazil by means of an Input–Output Economic Model and Ecological Footprint analysis

Salvo

Simas

Pacca

et al. 2015

Ecological Indicators

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“…They resulted that tariff escalation is influenced by environmental factors and decision makers' strategic choices. [31] prepared a review on the impact of tariff escalation on the environment. The author mainly focused on the impact of escalating tariffs on the allocation of production and processing between exporters and importers, comparison of the environmental impacts of primary production and processing, the impact of increased income from removing tariff escalation on environmental protection expenditures, the environmental impact of decreased transport to freight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2019

brod

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is implemented to various processes with a strict exception for naval platforms and warships. Thus, the recent studies for life cycle analysis of military ships are limited. LCA is a holistic method based on developing an optimization between environmental performance, cost-benefit balance and usability. LCC is a supporting subsection of LCA implemented to the analysis in order to calculate the probable costs during whole phases of a product. In this study, LCA and LCC are implemented to a naval platform and a calculation, which is based on escalation, is realized to compare the maintenance costs and initial cost for all life cycle of the platform. A generic warship is selected and yaw damping system of the ship was chosen for implementation of LCA and LCC. It is accepted that the systems and devices are used 1500 hours during cruising and 7260 hours during hoteling. First, the initial cost of yaw damping system is calculated, then, costs of long term maintenance with and without escalation are considered. In the final part, the profit gained by recycling of yaw damping system is calculated. The results has shown that an extra cost of 38 % and 19 % for operation and maintenance and total cost, respectively, must be added according to escalation calculations. While initial cost and operation and maintenance costs have 51 % and 49 % of total costs without escalation, the share of initial cost decreases to 43 % and the share of operation and maintenance increases to 57 % with the utilization of escalation.

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Impacts of tariff escalation on the environment: Literature review and synthesis

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda

Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda

Estimating the human appropriation of land in Brazil by means of an Input–Output Economic Model and Ecological Footprint analysis

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