Impacts on the Embodied Energy of Rammed Earth Façades During Production and Construction Stages

Embodied energy and embodied carbon of structural building materials: Worldwide progress and barriers through literature map analysis

“…The trends in the number of publications per type of material are shown in Next, author keywords were evaluated to understand the relation between the materials studied and the topic of study, using the general query (Query 1) (Figure 13). As expected, Figure 14 details that the research on embodied energy (251 occurrences) and embodied carbon (76 occurrences) in building materials is highly related to the development of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies (155 occurrences) [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. The co-occurrence network (Figure 13) shows the keywords grouped in five clusters.…”

Environmental Potential of Earth-Based Building Materials: Key Facts and Issues from a Life Cycle Assessment Perspective

“…References cover various earthen construction techniques and various countries (see Figure 8-1) and some cover more than one technique: 2 articles on cob (Ben-Alon et al, 2019;Estrada, 2013) , 4 articles on CEB (Dahmen et al, 2018;Fernandes et al, 2019;Galan-Marin et al, 2015a;Roux Gutiérrez Rubén et al, 2015), 4 articles on adobe (Abanda et al, 2014b;Christoforou et al, 2016;De Wolf et al, 2017;Shukla et al, 2009), 8 articles on rammed earth (Arrigoni et al, 2016;Morel et al, 2001;Nanz et al, 2018;Serrano et al, 2016Serrano et al, , 2013Serrano et al, , 2012Venkatarama Reddy et al, 2014;Venkatarama Reddy and Prasanna Kumar, 2010), one on earth plaster (Melià et al, 2014) and several other articles on various techniques not based on traditional methods.…”

“…Both concern studies conducted at building scale. The contribution of transport was found very high for one reference (Nanz et al, 2018) and the binder is not cemented but a mix of trass mortar and geogrid, but no sufficient details are provided to analyze results from (Treloar et al, 2001a). Another outlier (Arrigoni et al, 2016) only founds around 90 MJ/m² of EE for a 30% binder content.…”

“…Most of the CED values obtained at material or wall scales and using cement or lime as binders, provide results close to that trend, showing the predominance of these binders to CED in a cradle to gate system. Except the reference using carbid lime (Arrigoni et al, 2016) sodium hydroxide (Dahmen et al, 2018) or trass mortar and geogrid (Nanz et al, 2018), provide CED values largely above the line.…”

“…Outside of this cluster, four outliers are observed. Two outliers provide high results with a low binder content (Nanz et al, 2018;Treloar et al, 2001a). Both concern studies conducted at building scale.…”