Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Williams, Brent L.; Hornig, Mady; Buie, Timothy; Bauman, Margaret L.; Paik, Myunghee Cho; Wick, Ivan; Bennett, Ashlee; Jabado, Omar; Hirschberg, David L.; Lipkin, W. Ian

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024585

Cited by 420 publications

(399 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…In fact, the distal small intestine (ileum) harbored a greater richness of bacteria on the mucosa compared with the lumen. (Savage, 1987) proposed that the mucosal bacterial populations in the gut both stabilize the intestinal community and prevent pathogens by providing a constant, established inoculum for the lumen to complete the breakdown of non-digested food substrates (Williams et al, 2011). Perhaps the mucosal bacteria of the ileum serve as an inoculum for the large intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Looft

Allen

Cantarel³

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

330

265

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Disturbance of the beneficial gut microbial community is a potential collateral effect of antibiotics, which have many uses in animal agriculture (disease treatment or prevention and feed efficiency improvement). Understanding antibiotic effects on bacterial communities at different intestinal locations is essential to realize the full benefits and consequences of in-feed antibiotics. In this study, we defined the lumenal and mucosal bacterial communities from the small intestine (ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon) plus feces, and characterized the effects of in-feed antibiotics (chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine and penicillin (ASP250)) on these communities. 16S rRNA gene sequence and metagenomic analyses of bacterial membership and functions revealed dramatic differences between small and large intestinal locations, including enrichment of Firmicutes and phage-encoding genes in the ileum. The large intestinal microbiota encoded numerous genes to degrade plant cell wall components, and these genes were lacking in the ileum. The mucosaassociated ileal microbiota harbored greater bacterial diversity than the lumen but similar membership to the mucosa of the large intestine, suggesting that most gut microbes can associate with the mucosa and might serve as an inoculum for the lumen. The collateral effects on the microbiota of antibiotic-fed animals caused divergence from that of control animals, with notable changes being increases in Escherichia coli populations in the ileum, Lachnobacterium spp. in all gut locations, and resistance genes to antibiotics not administered. Characterizing the differential metabolic capacities and response to perturbation at distinct intestinal locations will inform strategies to improve gut health and food safety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Looft

Allen

Cantarel³

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

330

265

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…41 Several studies have now reported changes in microbiota profile in patients with autism. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] While this area of research is new and consensus across studies has not yet been established, several interesting observations are worth noting. In one recent study, an increased diversity of microbiota was observed in patients with severe autism compared with matched controls; and in particular Bacteroidetes was significantly increased in patients with autism, whereas Firmicutes was observed to be higher in controls.…”

Section: Effects Of the Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 In contrast, another study that compared patients with autism and GI problems (ASD + GI) to patients with GI problems alone, showed reduced Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes and Betaproteobacteria (Sutturela) presence in ASD + GI patients. 43 It also has been speculated that secretion of bacterial (neuro) toxins produced by clostridia may affect behavior and stress in autistic subjects. 45 Furthermore, urinary metabolite phenotypes-mostly derived from gut bacterial fermentation-differentiated children with autism from their unaffected microbiota in alleviating anxiety-like behaviors.…”

Section: Effects Of the Central And Peripheral Nervous Systems On Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…43,49 Interestingly, short-term treatment with antibiotics has been reported to improve behavioral symptoms in some patients with autism. 50 Probiotics and novel therapies targeted at gut dysbiosis show promise for treatment of ASD, however, more studies are needed to better define these novel therapeutic strategies.…”

Section: The Association Between Intestinal Microbiome and The Brain-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

Saulnier¹,

et al. 2013

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The brain-gut axis allows bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent experimental work suggests that the gut microbiota have an impact on the brain-gut axis. A group of experts convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) discussed the role of gut bacteria on brain functions and the implications for probiotic and prebiotic science. The experts reviewed and discussed current available data on the role of gut microbiota on epithelial cell function, gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensitivity, perception and behavior. Data, mostly gathered from animal studies, suggest interactions of gut microbiota not only with the enteric nervous system but also with the central nervous system via neural, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and humoral links. Microbial colonization impacts mammalian brain development in early life and subsequent adult behavior. These findings provide novel insights for improved understanding of the potential role of gut microbial communities on psychological disorders, most particularly in the field of psychological comorbidities associated with functional bowel disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and should present new opportunity for interventions with pro-and prebiotics.

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“…Various studies have reported the prevalence of GI problems, one of common comorbid conditions of ASD [83,84]. Accumulat-ed findings lead to the hypothesis of gut-brain axis, which suggests that gut microbiota can alter brain activity through endocrinal, metabolic or immunological mechanisms, and can possibly induce the pathogenesis of ASD [85][86][87][88].…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Microbiota In Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism

2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a spectral neurodevelopment disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population. ASD is characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction, communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior. Multiple factors, including genetic/genomic, epigenetic/epigenomic and environmental, are thought to be necessary for autism development. Recent reviews have provided further insight into the genetic/genomic basis of ASD. It has long been suspected that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, chromatin structures and long non-coding RNAs may play important roles in the pathology of ASD. In addition to genetic/genomic alterations and epigenetic/epigenomic influences, environmental exposures have been widely accepted as an important role in autism etiology, among which immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal microbiota are two prominent ones. autism spectrum disorder, genetic architecture, genomic disorder, gene mutation, copy number variants, single nucleotide variants, genetic pathways, epigenetic influence, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, long non-coding RNAs, environment exposure, immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal microbiota Citation:Yu L, Wu YM, Wu BL. Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism. Sci China Life Sci, 2015, 58: 958-967,

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Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances

Cited by 420 publications

References 96 publications

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

Bacteria, phages and pigs: the effects of in-feed antibiotics on the microbiome at different gut locations

The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology

Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism

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