Impaired Knowledge of Social Norms in Dementia and Psychiatric Disorders: Validation of the Social Norms Questionnaire–Dutch Version (SNQ-NL)

Berg, Esther van den; Poos, Jackie M.; Jiskoot, Lize C.; Montagne, Barbara; Kessels, Roy P. C.; Franzen, Sanne; Hemmen, Judy van; Eikelboom, Willem S.; Heijboer, E. G. C.; Kriek, J.; Vlist, A. van der; Jong, Frank Jan de; Swieten, John C. van; Seelaar, Harro; Papma, Janne M.

doi:10.1177/10731911211008234

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…For part three, higher-order social reasoning functions were assessed, including knowledge of social norms and moral reasoning. For knowledge of social norms, the Dutch version of the Social Norms Questionnaire was administered in participants, consisting of 22 questions assessing the ability to understand and identify social boundaries, 30 each marked as correct or incorrect, with a total score between 0 and 22. A break score indicated a tendency to break social norms (for example, indicating whether it is socially acceptable to tell a stranger you think he or she is overweight) and an over-adherence score indicated a tendency to over-adhere to a social norm (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition deficits and biometric signatures in the behavioural variant of Alzheimer’s disease

Singleton

Fieldhouse

Hooft

et al. 2022

Brain

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The behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by early predominant behavioral changes, mimicking the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, which is characterized by social cognition deficits and altered biometric responses to socioemotional cues. These functions remain understudied in the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated multiple social cognition components(i.e., emotion recognition, empathy, social norms and moral reasoning), using the Ekman-60-faces-test, Interpersonal-Reactivity-Index, empathy eliciting videos, Social-Norms-Questionnaire and moral dilemmas, while measuring eye-movements and galvanic skin response. We compared 12 patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease with patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia(n = 14), typical Alzheimer’s disease(n = 13) and individuals with subjective cognitive decline(n = 13), using ANCOVAs and age and sex adjusted post hoc testing. Patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease(40.1 ± 8.6) showed lower scores on the Ekman-60-faces-test compared to individuals with subjective cognitive decline(49.7 ± 5.0, p < 0.001), and patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease(46.2 ± 5.3, p = 0.05) and higher scores compared to patients with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia(32.4 ± 7.3, p = 0.002). Eye-tracking during the Ekman-60-faces-test revealed no differences in dwell time on the eyes(all p > 0.05), but patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease(18.7 ± 9.5%) and frontotemporal dementia(19.4 ± 14.3%) spent significantly less dwell time on the mouth than individuals with subjective cognitive decline(30.7 ± 11.6%, p < 0.01) and patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease(32.7 ± 12.1%, p < 0.01). Patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease(11.3 ± 4.6) exhibited lower scores on the Interpersonal-Reactivity-Index compared with individuals with subjective cognitive decline(15.6 ± 3.1, p = 0.05) and similar scores to patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia(8.7 ± 5.6, p = 0.19) and typical Alzheimer’s disease(13.0 ± 3.2, p = 0.43). The galvanic skin response to empathy eliciting videos did not differ between groups(all p > 0.05). Patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease(16.0 ± 1.6) and frontotemporal dementia(15.2 ± 2.2) showed lower scores on the Social-Norms-Questionnaire than patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease(17.8 ± 2.1, p < 0.05) and individuals with subjective cognitive decline(18.3 ± 1.4, p < 0.05). No group differences were observed in scores on moral dilemmas(all p > 0.05), while only patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia(0.9 ± 1.1) showed a lower galvanic skin response during personal dilemmas compared with subjective cognitive decline(3.4 ± 3.3 peaks per minute, p = 0.01). Concluding, patients with the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease showed a similar though milder social cognition profile and a similar eye-tracking signature to patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and greater social cognition impairments and divergent eye-movement patterns compared with patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease. Our results suggest reduced attention to salient facial features in these phenotypes, potentially contributing to their emotion recognition deficits.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition deficits and biometric signatures in the behavioural variant of Alzheimer’s disease

Singleton

Fieldhouse

Hooft

et al. 2022

Brain

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“…The maximum total score was 22, with higher scores indicated better performance. Validation data for the SNQ is lacking, however, a recent study of a Dutch translation found an internal consistency of 0.59 and reliability of 0.64 (van den Berg et al, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between social cognitive processes and behavior changes in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or dementia using the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT).

Baksh,

MacPherson,

Auyeung

et al. 2024

Neuropsychology

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Objective: People with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia often exhibit a decline in their social abilities, but few tests of social cognition exist that are suitable for clinical use. Moreover, the relationship between changes in behavior and impairments in social cognition is poorly understood. We examined the utility of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) in people with aMCI/dementia and explored associations between social cognition performance and behavior changes. Method: We administered the ESCoT and two established social cognition tests (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes and the Social Norms Questionnaire) to 28 people with aMCI or dementia and 28 age and sex matched cognitively healthy controls. Behavior change was measured using a semistructured interview which assesses behavioral abnormalities found in frontotemporal dementia. Results: People with aMCI/dementia were impaired on the ESCoT affective theory of mind, ESCoT total score and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes. Behavior changes in the domains of apathy, loss of sympathy/empathy, perseveration, and psychotic symptoms were associated with poorer affective theory of mind scores. Disinhibition, loss of sympathy/empathy and hyperorality or altered food preferences were associated with cognitive theory of mind. All behaviors were significantly associated with poorer performance on ESCoT total score, but were not associated with performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes or the Social Norms Questionnaire. Conclusions: The ESCoT was sensitive to social cognition impairments in people with aMCI/dementia and it relates to behavior change in aMCI/dementia unlike established tests. Different subtests of the ESCoT were related to different behavior changes. These findings suggest that the ESCoT may be a clinically valuable tool when examining social cognition.

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“…The percentage of rational answers was calculated per diagnostic group per condition. For level 3, knowledge of social norms, the Dutch version of the Social Norms Questionnaire was administered in participants, consisting of 22 questions assessing the ability to understand and identify social boundaries [26], each marked as correct or incorrect, with a total score between 0-22. A break score indicated a tendency to break social norms (for example indicating whether or not it is socially acceptable to tell a stranger you think he or she is overweight ) and an overadherence score indicated a tendency to overadhere to a social norm (i.e., applying a social rule too rigidly, for example indicating that it is not socially acceptable to laugh when you trip and fall yourself).…”

Section: Social Cognition Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition deficits and its biometric signatures in the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease

Singleton

Fieldhouse

Hooft

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The behavioral variant of Alzheimer's disease (bvAD) is characterized by early and predominant behavioral changes, resembling the clinical profile of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Social cognition deficits form hallmark features in bvFTD and altered biometric responses to socioemotional cues have been observed in bvFTD. However, little is known about social cognition and its biometric signature in bvAD. In this explorative study, we investigated all levels of social cognition (i.e., level-1: perception, level-2: interpretation and level-3: reasoning), using the Ekman 60 faces test (level-1), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and empathy eliciting videos (level-2), the Social Norms Questionnaire (SNQ) and moral dilemmas (level-3), while measuring eyemovements and galvanic skin response (GSR). We compared 12 patients with bvAD with patients with bvFTD (n=14), typical AD (tAD, n=13) and controls (n=15), using ANCOVAs and post hoc testing, adjusting for age and sex. Regarding perception, bvAD (40.1±8.6) showed lower scores on the Ekman test compared to controls (50.1±4.6, p<0.001), and tAD (46.2±5.3, p=0.05) and higher scores compared to bvFTD (32.4±7.3, p=0.002). Eyetracking during the Ekman test revealed that groups did not differ in dwell time on the eyes (all p>0.05), but bvAD (18.7±9.5%) and bvFTD (19.4±14.3%) spent significantly less dwell time on the mouth when viewing the faces than controls (30.4±10.6%, p<0.05) and tAD (32.7±12.1%, p<0.01). Regarding empathy, bvAD (11.3±4.6) exhibited lower scores on the IRI Perspective Taking subscale compared with controls (15±3.4, p=0.02) and similar scores to bvFTD (8.7±5.6, p=0.19) and tAD (13.0±3.2, p=0.43). The GSR to empathy eliciting videos did not differ between groups (all p>0.05). Regarding knowledge of social norms, bvAD (16.0±1.6) and bvFTD (15.2±2.2) showed lower scores on the SNQ than tAD (17.8±2.1, both p<0.05) and controls (18.1±1.3, both p<0.01). Regarding moral reasoning, no differences among the groups were observed in responses to moral dilemmas (all p>0.05), while only bvFTD (0.9±1.1) showed a lower GSR during the personal condition compared with controls (3.2±3.3 peaks per minute, p=0.02). In conclusion, bvAD showed a similar though milder social cognition profile and a similar eyetracking signature compared with bvFTD and greater social cognition impairments and divergent eyemovement patterns compared with tAD. Our results suggest that bvAD and bvFTD show reduced attention to salient features during facial expression perception, potentially contributing to their emotion recognition deficits. These social cognition and biometric measures provide important insights into the basis of behavioral changes in bvAD, and might be valuable for its clinical diagnosis.

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Impaired Knowledge of Social Norms in Dementia and Psychiatric Disorders: Validation of the Social Norms Questionnaire–Dutch Version (SNQ-NL)

Cited by 7 publications

References 67 publications

Social cognition deficits and biometric signatures in the behavioural variant of Alzheimer’s disease

Social cognition deficits and biometric signatures in the behavioural variant of Alzheimer’s disease

The relationship between social cognitive processes and behavior changes in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or dementia using the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT).

Social cognition deficits and its biometric signatures in the behavioral variant of Alzheimer’s disease

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