Impaired myocardial deformation persists at 2 years in offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes in pregnancy and offspring cardiac function: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…We identified 31 studies which met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for inclusion in the review ( Figure 1 ) ( 1 – 7 , 9 , 22 – 44 ). Ten studies were observational cohort studies with a control group, and 21 were case-control studies.…”

“…In total, the studies reported on 1,679 diabetic pregnancies and 2,694 healthy control pregnancies. Six studies ( 5 , 26 , 27 , 31 , 36 , 44 ) repeated measurements on the same cases and controls at different ages. Thus, the final dataset included 2023 echocardiographies from cases and 2,901 echocardiographies from healthy controls.…”

“…Four studies performed measurements in the first 1–6 months of life ( 5 , 25 , 26 , 36 ). Seven studies performed measurements on children at the age of 2–8 years ( 6 , 7 , 39 , 41 – 44 ). Three studies performed repeated measurements in the first week of life and at 1–6 months ( 5 , 26 , 36 ), and one study repeated measurements two times at 1–8 years ( 44 ).…”

“…Seven studies performed measurements on children at the age of 2–8 years ( 6 , 7 , 39 , 41 – 44 ). Three studies performed repeated measurements in the first week of life and at 1–6 months ( 5 , 26 , 36 ), and one study repeated measurements two times at 1–8 years ( 44 ). All extracted echocardiographic outcome measurements in each age group are presented in Supplementary Table S4 .…”

“…Evaluation of the differences between types of diabetes and its relation to functional cardiac changes in the offspring was not possible. Seventeen studies made a distinction between types of diabetes, while 14 studies were not consistent in the selection of diabetes types when comparing cases to controls in relation to functional cardiac changes ( 3 – 5 , 9 , 27 , 30 , 32 – 34 , 39 – 42 , 44 ).…”