Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) promotes the acquisition of the cholinergic phenotype in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) during development and protects these neurons from cholinergic dedifferentiation following axotomy when administered in vivo. A decline in BFCN function occurs in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to the AD-associated memory deficits. We infused BMP9 intracerebroventricularly for 7 d in transgenic AD model mice expressing green fluorescent protein specifically in cholinergic neurons (APP.PS1/CHGFP) and in wild-type littermate controls (WT/CHGFP). We used 5-mo-old mice, an age when the AD transgenics display early amyloid deposition and few cholinergic defects, and 10-mo-old mice, by which time these mice exhibit established disease. BMP9 infusion reduced the number of Aβ42-positive amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of 5-and 10-mo-old APP.PS1/CHGFP mice and reversed the reductions in choline acetyltransferase protein levels in the hippocampus of 10-mo-old APP.PS1/CHGFP mice. The treatment increased cholinergic fiber density in the hippocampus of both WT/CHGFP and APP.PS1/CHGFP mice at both ages. BMP9 infusion also increased hippocampal levels of neurotrophin 3, insulin-like growth factor 1, and nerve growth factor and of the nerve growth factor receptors, tyrosine kinase receptor A and p75/NGFR, irrespective of the genotype of the mice. These data show that BMP9 administration is effective in reducing the Aβ42 amyloid plaque burden, reversing cholinergic neuron abnormalities, and generating a neurotrophic milieu for BFCN in a mouse model of AD and provide evidence that the BMP9-signaling pathway may constitute a therapeutic target for AD.acetylcholine | APPswe PS1dE9 mice | growth/differentiation factor 2 | juvenile protective factors B asal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) project to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex where the release of their neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), is central for the processes of learning, memory, and attention throughout life (1). The acquisition of the cholinergic phenotype by these neurons during development is induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), also known as growth/differentiation factor 2 (GDF2), which is expressed in the fetal basal forebrain (2). Application of BMP9 to basal forebrain cell cultures and into the cerebral ventricles of developing mouse embryos (2) and adult mice (3) significantly increases ACh production. Moreover, the idea that the BMP9-signaling pathway may be a master regulator of the BFCN phenotype is supported by evidence showing that BMP9 is sufficient to induce BFCN-like features in human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (4) and that, in rodent basal forebrain cell cultures, BMP9 induces the BFCN transcriptome (5). Recent studies indicate that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.)-infused BMP9 fully prevents the cholinergic dedifferentiation (i.e., loss of cholinergic markers) of axotomized BFCN in mice (3). Taken together, these data provid...