“…Visual MMN and the visual N1 difference can also be reliably dissociated through the use of infrequent energetic decrements, which are considered to elicit visual MMN but do not yield the visual N1 difference (e.g., contrast/luminance decrements, Kimura et al, 2008cKimura et al, , 2010cKimura et al, , 2010dStagg et al, 2004;size decrements, Kimura et al, 2008a; for corresponding brain imaging findings, see e.g., Gardner et al, 2005; for corresponding auditory MMN findings, see e.g., Näätänen et al, 1989a;Woldorff et al, 1991), infrequent duration deviants, which are considered to elicit visual MMN but do not yield the visual N1 difference (Khodanovich et al, 2010;Qiu et al, 2011; for corresponding auditory MMN findings, see e.g., Jacobsen and Schröger, 2003;Kaukoranta et al, 1989;Näätänen et al, 1989b), and occasional stimulus omission in constant successive visual stimulation, which is thought to elicit visual MMN but cannot elicit visual N1 itself (Czigler et al, 2006b; for corresponding auditory MMN findings, see e.g., Tervaniemi et al, 1994;Yabe et al, 1997). In addition, the visual N1 difference problem does not become critical under the use of more complex, non-oddball stimulus sequences where individual stimuli are usually presented with equal probability (Czigler et al, 2006a;Kimura et al, 2011a;Stefanics et al, 2011; the details of stimulus sequences will be shown in Section 2.2).…”