“…However, due to the formation of microscopic (i.e., pinholes) and macroscopic defects (i.e., craters and droplets) in PVD coatings (54,80,81), the substrate surface is not covered entirely without physical discontinuities. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 1 N sulfuric acid (82), for unalloyed and nitrogen-alloyed ZrB -based coatings (nitrogen-concentration, 22 at.%) porosities of 0.67 and 0.021%, respectively, were obtained (54). This behavior is correlated with the fine-columnar structure favoring voided grain boundaries in unalloyed films and with the dense, fracture-amorphous structure of nitrogenalloyed coatings (compare Fig.…”