Impella as a bridge-to-closure in post-infarction ventricular septal defect: a case series

Abstract

Background Post-infarction ventricular septal defect (PIVSD) is a rare, life-threatening complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Few studies report the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for treatment of cardiogenic shock in this setting. We describe our experience using a microaxial, transvalvular device (Impella, Abiomed, Danvers, MA) as a bridge-to-closure for PIVSD. Case Summaries We identified 13 patients from two centers with cardiogenic shock due to PIVSD who received an Impella device between January 2016 and February 2022. Nine patients were transferred from another hospital, three with MCS devices (two intra-aortic balloon pumps[IABP], 1 Impella CP). Eight patients received Impella 5.0, three received Impella 5.5 (one escalated from Impella CP) and two received Impella CP. Median time from AMI to Impella insertion was 5 (3-6) days. Five patients died on Impella support without attempt to close the VSD. Seven patients underwent successful VSD closure: six had surgical and one had percutaneous closure. One patient died during attempted percutaneous closure. Time from Impella insertion to VSD closure was 10.5 (7.8-14.0) days. Time from AMI to Impella was 5.0 (2.0-5.3) days in the group that survived to closure, and 6.0 (4.0-7.0) days in those who did not. Thirty-day mortality was 46%. Discussion Support with Impella improved clinical stability in most patients, yet multi-system organ failure leading to death occurred in many patients. Patients who survived to closure had earlier time from AMI to Impella, underscoring that prompt recognition of PIVSD and initiation of MCS may improve survival to surgical or percutaneous closure.