This article reexamines accounts of Mien (Yao) ethnic minority populations in northern Thailand, in particular generalizations about social structure in terms of household formations. Two ethnographic accounts from the same province of Thailand during the 1960s suggest opposite tendencies in Mien household dynamics, but each makes a case for Mien society. This restudy proposes that the dynamics of the 1960s were largely specific to engagements with the regional political economy and a reworking of social relations, which led to the prominence of the household in social life. These dynamics were in and of the twentieth century, and this article draws on a contrast with the two generations immediately prior to what the ethnographies describe to situate households in relation to the shape of Mien social formations.The query in the title of the article refers to the opposite tendencies of expansion and fragmentation reported for Mien households and the broader issue of whether household dynamics constitute a miniature version of society. At issue, ethnographically, is the characterization of the social organization of Mien (Yao) swidden farmers in northern Thailand. 1 Two anthropologists who did research with Mien in Chiangrai Province during the 1960s came to different conclusions about the shape of Mien society, each referring to patterns in household formation. One maintained that among Mien there was a marked tendency for small and transient households and settlements, and the other concluded that there was an ongoing competition for labor in Mien society, with a resulting expansion of households, which reached up to ten times the average number of household members. Both researchers and a third anthropologist discuss purchases of non-Mien children for adoptions as a significant component of Mien Ethnohistory 48:4 (fall 2001)