Imperative role of particulate matter in innate immunity during RNA virus infection

Abstract

25Sensing of pathogens by specialized receptors is the hallmark of the innate immune response. 26Innate immune response also mounts a defense response against various allergens and pollutants 27 including particulate matter present in the atmosphere. Air pollution has been included as the top 28 threat to global health declared by WHO which aims to cover more than three billion people against 29 health emergencies from 2019-2023. Particulate matter (PM), one of the major components of air 30 pollution, is a significant risk factor for many human diseases and its adverse effects include 31 morbidity and premature deaths throughout the world. Several clinical and epidemiological studies 32 have identified a key link between the PM composition and the prevalence of respiratory and 33 inflammatory disorders. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. 34Here, we investigated the influence of air pollutant, PM10 during RNA virus infections using highly 35 pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). We thus characterized the transcriptomic profile of lung 36 epithelial cell line, A549 treated with PM10 prior to infection with (HPAI) H5N1 influenza virus, 37 which is known to severely affect the lung and cause respiratory damage. We found that PM10 38 regulates virus infectivity and enhances overall pathogenic burden in the lung cells. Additionally, 39 the transcriptomic profile highlights the connection of host factors related to various metabolic 40 pathways and immune responses which were dysregulated during virus infection. Overall our 41 findings suggest a strong link between the prevalence of respiratory illness and the air quality. 42 43 44 45 Keywords: Particulate Matter (PM10), Virus Infection, Infectious Disease, Innate Immunity and 46 Metabolic Pathways-Related Genes. 47India and associated health concerns in term of occurrence of disease [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Although, most of 65 the studies were based on the epidemiological data and cross-sectional studies, there were few 66 studies about involvement of PM in respiratory diseases [20][21][22], asthma [23], cancer [24-27], 67 tuberculosis [28, 29] . It has been known that PM can induce innate immunity and can change the 68 level of cytokines, upon its exposure to the airways of humans [30][31][32][33]. PM were readily associated 69 with respiratory infections such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [34][35][36][37] and it 70 is also reported to be associated with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus 71infections. [38][39][40][41]. Yet these studies are limited to epidemiological, cross -sectional studies [22, 72 42-44]. 73Here, we isolated and characterized PM10 from a heavily industrialized city Bengaluru, India and 74 checked its effect on RNA virus infection. We observed and concluded that PM10 hijacks the innate 75 immune system upon viral infection and significantly enhanced the viral replication of the RNA 76 viruses like new-castle disease virus (NDV), influenza virus -H1N1 (PR8) and H5N1. By 77...

Short-Term Effects of Ambient Ozone, PM2.5, and Meteorological Factors on COVID-19 Confirmed Cases and Deaths in Queens, New York

“…Similarly, PM 2.5 levels were much lower than the EPA 24-hour standard of 35 µg/m 3 based on the three-year average of the annual 98th percentile concentrations [43]. However, we were curious to examine the effects of these low PM 2.5 levels, because a recent non-peer reviewed preprint reported that exposure to PM 10 could significantly enhance RNA virus infection such as N.D.V., H1N1 (PR-8), and H5N1 in human lung epithelial A459 cells [44] by increasing viral replications. Temperature levels were gradually increasing during the observation period (Figure 4B) but were mostly observed between 30 and 50 • F. This early spring temperature range was slightly higher than the last year (when March first week's data were compared), but it was still below 70 • F at which viral lipid-dependent attachment to host cells [45] could be facilitated [46].…”

Is there an association between the level of ambient air pollution and COVID-19?

“…Studies have shown that alveolar macrophages from people living in highly polluted cities have a reduced innate immune capacity, which is proportional to the amount of phagocytosed PM ( 20 ). Experimental studies in mice have found that PM exposure reduces activity at the interferon (INF)-β gene promoter, and subsequent INF-β transcription, and enchanted influenza replication ( 37 ). As innate immunity, in general, and in particular INF-β, a key antiviral cytokine, is reduced by PM, it is likely that these mechanisms would enhance SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.…”

Exploring the short-term role of particulate matter in the COVID-19 outbreak in USA cities

“…to occur through different mechanisms; in this study, we explore the following hypotheses: 1) PM has been suggested to facilitate viruses transmission, due to 15 its role in shielding the virus during airborne transport [5,6,7,8,9]; 2) The long-term exposure, particularly to CO and NO 2 , increases the susceptibility of a population to adverse health conditions [10,11]; 3) PM levels are associated 2 All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.…”

“…Statistical links between air quality and COVID-19 daily cases are expected to occur through different mechanisms; in this study, we explore the following hypotheses: 1) PM has been suggested to facilitate viruses transmission, due to its role in shielding the virus during airborne transport [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]; 2) The long-term exposure, particularly to CO and NO 2 , increases the susceptibility of a population to adverse health conditions [10, 11]; 3) PM levels are associated with urban mobility [12], thus we expect them to respond to the effectiveness of local social distancing measures. In the following subsections we discuss in detail these mechanisms as well as the statistical techniques employed to explore them.…”