Imperfect gas effect in real hydrogen drives

Gross, W. L.; Nealy, John E.

doi:10.2514/3.5859

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…To a first approximation this repulsion can be described by the interaction between hard spheres. The density expansion (2) for the compressibility factor is certainly valid in the gas phase and can be considered to be an exact representation of the compressibility factor Z. The B in (2) are the virial coefficients and are well-14 n known integrals, obtained from statistical mechanics, involving the intermolecular interactions among 2,3,4, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equilibrium compositions and compressibility factors for air in the temperature range 1500 to 13000 Kelvin and for densities from 10¯⁶ to 10³ times standard density

Klein¹,

Haar²

1976

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When U. S. Government drawings specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than a definitely related Government procurement operation, the Government thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever, and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise, or in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto. Qualified users may obtain copies of this report from the Defense Documentation Center. References to named commercial products in this report are not to be considered in any sense as an endorsement of the product by the United States Air Force or the Government. This final report was submitted by the National Bureau of Standards, Heat Division, Washington, D. C. 20234, under contract F40600-72-M-0002 with the Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air ForCe Station, Tennessee 37389. Mr. Elton R. Thompson (DYR) was the AEDC project monitor. This report has been reviewed by the Information Office (01) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to the general public, including foreign nations. APPROVAL STATEMENT This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equilibrium compositions and compressibility factors for air in the temperature range 1500 to 13000 Kelvin and for densities from 10¯⁶ to 10³ times standard density

Klein¹,

Haar²

1976

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Nonsimilar behavior of ablating graphite sphere cones

Bartlett¹

1970

AIAA Journal

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Leading edge of inverted wedge 72.3 cm from bulkheadDriver section @ 14 kV No preionize Argon @ 500 /imu Camera delay: 850 /isec; Shutter: 1 /isec @ f 5.6 Fig. 2 Reflected wave enveloping inverted aerodynamic wedge.both to improve with increasing pressure. The plasma homogeneity was good towards the front of the reflected wave but deteriorated somewhat toward the rear. With decreasing pressure, the length of the luminosity decreased while the homogeneity tended to improve. At 570 /xsec delay in Fig. 1, an intense luminosity standoff may be seen in front of the reflecting bulkhead. Because in an EMST the temperature of the driver gas exceeds that of the driven gas, 2 this luminosity indicates the existence of an interaction zone and its extent after reflection. Intense luminosity stand-off was not observed during runs in which the pressure was less than 1000 ju> indicating the absence of an interaction zone at these pressures and confirming observations of others. 6 -7The reflected wave was photographed, at shutter speeds of 1 jLtsec, as it enveloped an inverted aerodynamic wedge of half-angle 6.3°. Two series of runs were made with the wedge leading edge 72.3 cm from the bulkhead. Data from the first series (capacitor bank at 12 kv) indicated a region of constant Mach angle flow approximately 60 jusec long; however, the shock was not sharp and the Mach angle approached the largest allowable limit compatible with a wedge half-angle of 6.3°. The second series, with the wedge in the same position but the shock tube at 14 kv, indicated a constant Mach angle flow of 80 jitsec duration, within an experimental accuracy of ±10 /zsec. The Mach angle for this period was 54.24 ± 1.0°, and Fig. 2 is a typical of the data. Because the data from the second series of runs lies in a region of high shockshape dependence, an error of 1° in the Mach angle would result in a Mach number error of order 0.025, if the gas remained at constant temperature.A final two series of runs were performed with the wedge leading edge 40.2 cm from the bulkhead and the shock tube voltage at 12 kv and 14 kv, respectively. No shocks were observed in any of the data; which is not surprising since one of the boundary conditions is that the plasma velocity at the bulkhead be zero for all time.Assuming an electrically neutral plasma in thermal equilibrium, an iterative procedure (to account for the variation of the ratio specific heats with temperature and pressure) involving the 54.25° Mach angle and plasma velocity was used to estimate the temperature of the reflected plasma. Since for this case, the luminous front velocity was 3500 m/sec the temperature was evaluated over a 3500-2500 m/sec plasma velocity range. The variation of temperature with velocity was almost linear and yielded for a velocity of 3500 m/sec, Mach 1.510, T = 13,430°K, and for a velocity of 2500 m/sec, Mach No. = 1.415, T = 11,000°K. DiscussionAlthough at this time we propose no detailed mechanism to account for the markedly increased stability of the reflected wave, it appears like...

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Imperfect gas effect in real hydrogen drives

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Equilibrium compositions and compressibility factors for air in the temperature range 1500 to 13000 Kelvin and for densities from 10¯⁶ to 10³ times standard density

Equilibrium compositions and compressibility factors for air in the temperature range 1500 to 13000 Kelvin and for densities from 10¯⁶ to 10³ times standard density

Nonsimilar behavior of ablating graphite sphere cones

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