“…This research combines ideas from participatory communication, social capital theory, and the diffusion of innovations theory. This framework offers a thorough methodology for understanding and addressing the complex difficulties faced by slum regions, utilising successful case studies from nations such as Singapore and the Philippines (Bustos et al, 2023;Dobbs & Loh, 2023;Ferdous, 2023;Kataoka & Darangina, 2023;Owais & Ali, 2023;Roche et al, 2023;Sanglay & Abanto, 2024;Zhao & Rasoulinezhad, 2023).…”