“…Although Muslims are a diverse and geographically dispersed religious group, various historical and social processes render them oppressed populations. These include: the history of colonization by European nations and peoples (Ahmed, 2002;Aydin, 2016), the imperialist invasion and military occupation of Muslimmajority countries by the United States, aided by Orientalist propaganda (Abu-Lughod, 2002;Dabashi, 2008;Toor, 2012), the stereotypical depictions of Muslims in media (Alsultany, 2012;Shaheen, 2009), the securitization of Muslims (Jamil, 2017), neocolonial and metacolonial impositions (Bulhan, 2015;Dabashi, 2008), and the increased levels of Islamophobia globally (Esposito & Kalin, 2011;Pratt & Woodlock, 2016). Muslims are given a racial identity to differentiate them from those in power, othering Muslims and rendering Islamophobia a form of violent oppression (Garner & Selod, 2015;Jamal, 2009;Khoshneviss, 2019;Moosavi, 2015;Selod, 2015Selod, , 2019.…”