IMpixel 65nm BSI 320MHz demodulated TOF Image sensor with 3μm global shutter pixels and analog binning

Bamji, Cyrus; Mehta, S.; Thompson, B.; Elkhatib, T.A.; Wurster, Stefan; Akkaya, Onur Can; Payne, Andrew D.; Godbaz, John Peter; Fenton, Mike; Rajasekaran, Vijay; Prather, Larry; Nagaraja, Satya; Mogallapu, Vishali; Snow, Dane; McCauley, Rich; Mukadam, Mustansir; Agi, I.; McCarthy, Shaun; Xu, Zhanping; Perry, T.S.; Qian, William; Chan, V. W. S.; Adepu, Prabhu; Ali, Gazi; Ahmed, Muneeb; Mukherjee, Aditya; Nayak, Sheethal; Gampell, Dave; Acharya, Sunil; Kordus, Lou; O'Connor, Pat

doi:10.1109/isscc.2018.8310200

Cited by 100 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Depth (m) [1] [ Figure 16 in fact shows how coincidence threshold, th, increases for increasing photon activity, R, to provide a successful detection (temporal error, σ total < 230 ps), implying that a single threshold cannot yield an accurate reconstruction of a scene and a higher (lower) reflective target will imply higher (lower) photon activity rate requiring higher (lower) coincidence thresholds. On revisiting Figure 10b (redrawn for clarity in Figure 17), this relationship is already evident there.…”

Section: Depth (M)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of pixels in the subgroup is assumed to be 8 × 8 with 16 minigroups, each consisting 4 pixels (2 × 2). Labelled [1] is an object with 60% reflectivity (retro-reflective equivalent) at about 5 m and the desired target, labelled [2], situated at 20 m with 10% reflectivity. This target is reconstructed by the proposed DTOF model with 1024 pixels (32 × 32); the parts of this target as seen by different subgroups is highlighted in Figure 22b for ease of visualization.…”

Section: D Imaging and Time-gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ITOF sensors have been implemented in a number of consumer applications for ranging and depth mapping. Recent ITOF sensors have demonstrated high spatial resolution with increased ability to detect multiple objects over a large field-of-view (FOV) [1]. However, due to the fact that the illuminator modulation frequency in an ITOF system is directly proportional to the detection range while being inversely proportional to the achievable precision, they are limited to short-distance ranging (typically <30 m) [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent ITOF sensors have demonstrated high spatial resolution with increased ability to detect multiple objects over a large field-of-view (FOV) [1]. However, due to the fact that the illuminator modulation frequency in an ITOF system is directly proportional to the detection range while being inversely proportional to the achievable precision, they are limited to short-distance ranging (typically <30 m) [1][2][3]. A class of ITOF sensors based on short-pulse modulation and multi-tap lock-in pixels is becoming an attractive candidate due to higher achievable range resolution [4], however, it is currently limited to distances under 10 m [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling and Analysis of a Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Architecture for LiDAR Applications

Zhang

Charbon

2019

Sensors

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Tel.: +41-216-954-413 † This paper is an extended version of our paper published in: Padmanabhan, P.; Zhang, C.; Charbon, E.Analysis of a modular SPAD-based direct time-of-flight depth sensor architecture for wide dynamic range scenes in a LiDAR system. Abstract:Direct time-of-flight (DTOF) is a prominent depth sensing method in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) applications. Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays integrated in DTOF sensors have demonstrated excellent ranging and 3D imaging capabilities, making them promising candidates for LiDARs. However, high background noise due to solar exposure limits their performance and degrades the signal-to-background noise ratio (SBR). Noise-filtering techniques based on coincidence detection and time-gating have been implemented to mitigate this challenge but 3D imaging of a wide dynamic range scene is an ongoing issue. In this paper, we propose a coincidence-based DTOF sensor architecture to address the aforementioned challenges. The architecture is analyzed using a probabilistic model and simulation. A flash LiDAR setup is simulated with typical operating conditions of a wide angle field-of-view (FOV = 40 • ) in a 50 klux ambient light assumption. Single-point ranging simulations are obtained for distances up to 150 m using the DTOF model. An activity-dependent coincidence is proposed as a way to improve imaging of wide dynamic range targets. An example scene with targets ranging between 8-60% reflectivity is used to simulate the proposed method. The model predicts that a single threshold cannot yield an accurate reconstruction and a higher (lower) reflective target requires a higher (lower) coincidence threshold. Further, a pixel-clustering scheme is introduced, capable of providing multiple simultaneous timing information as a means to enhance throughput and reduce timing uncertainty. Example scenes are reconstructed to distinguish up to 4 distinct target peaks simulated with a resolution of 500 ps. Alternatively, a time-gating mode is simulated where in the DTOF sensor performs target-selective ranging. Simulation results show reconstruction of a 10% reflective target at 20 m in the presence of a retro-reflective equivalent with a 60% reflectivity at 5 m within the same FOV.

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Section: Depth (M)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: D Imaging and Time-gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling and Analysis of a Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Architecture for LiDAR Applications

Zhang

Charbon

2019

Sensors

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“…On the other hand, current indirect TOF sensors based on lock-in pixels are useful devices for 3D depth imaging of a few meters or up to several meters [10][11][12]. As a 1Mpixel indirect TOF image sensor has demonstrated [13], indirect types are good for having high spatial resolution. Although the indirect TOF image sensors often suffer from multipath reflections and retro-reflector or associated stray light signals, numerous methods to mitigate those effects have been reported [14][15][16], and the subject is still developing actively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-of-Flight Range Sensor Using Four-Tap Lock-In Pixels with High near Infrared Sensitivity for LiDAR Applications

Lee

Yasutomi

Morita

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In this paper, a back-illuminated (BSI) time-of-flight (TOF) sensor using 0.2 µm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is developed for long-range laser imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR) application. A 200 µm-thick bulk silicon in the SOI substrate is fully depleted by applying high negative voltage at the backside for higher quantum efficiency (QE) in a near-infrared (NIR) region. The proposed SOI-based four-tap charge modulator achieves a high-speed charge modulation and high modulation contrast of 71% in a NIR region. In addition, in-pixel drain function is used for short-pulse TOF measurements. A distance measurement up to 27 m is carried out with +1.8~−3.0% linearity error and range resolution of 4.5 cm in outdoor conditions. The measured QE of 55% is attained at 940 nm which is suitable for outdoor use due to the reduced spectral components of solar radiation.

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Active Time-of-Flight 3D Imaging Systems for Medium-Range Applications

Drouin

Hamieh

2020

3D Imaging, Analysis and Applications

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IMpixel 65nm BSI 320MHz demodulated TOF Image sensor with 3μm global shutter pixels and analog binning

Cited by 100 publications

References 3 publications

Modeling and Analysis of a Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Architecture for LiDAR Applications

Modeling and Analysis of a Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Architecture for LiDAR Applications

A Time-of-Flight Range Sensor Using Four-Tap Lock-In Pixels with High near Infrared Sensitivity for LiDAR Applications

Active Time-of-Flight 3D Imaging Systems for Medium-Range Applications

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