Implant Surface Design Regulates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Maturation

Abstract

Changes in dental implant materials, structural design, and surface properties can all affect biological response. While bulk properties are important for mechanical stability of the implant, surface design ultimately contributes to osseointegration. This article reviews the surface parameters of dental implant materials that contribute to improved cell response and osseointegration. In particular, we focus on how surface design affects mesenchymal cell response and differentiation into the osteoblast lineage. Surface roughness has been largely studied at the microscale, but recent studies have highlighted the importance of hierarchical micron/submicron/nanosurface roughness, as well as surface roughness in combination with surface wettability. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that recognize changes in the surface and mediate downstream signaling pathways. Specifically, the noncanonical Wnt5a pathway has been implicated in osteoblastic differentiation of cells on titanium implant surfaces. However, much remains to be elucidated. Only recently have studies been conducted on the differences in biological response to implants based on sex, age, and clinical factors; these all point toward differences that advocate for patient-specific implant design. Finally, challenges in implant surface characterization must be addressed to optimize and compare data across studies. An understanding of both the science and the biology of the materials is crucial for developing novel dental implant materials and surface modifications for improved osseointegration.

Neuronal PAS domain 2 (Npas2) facilitated osseointegration of titanium implant with rough surface through a neuroskeletal mechanism

“…The os seointegration of Ti-implants was initially explained by the establishment of direct bone to implant connection without a layer of soft tissue encapsulation owing to relatively inert Ti biomaterials [4]. However, surface functionalization of Ti implants has been shown to improve and accelerate the osseointegration process includes moderately rough surface topography [5] and nanotopography [6,7], increasing surface energy [8,9] as well as incorporating bone inductive biological molecules [10]. The outcome of these functionalization technologies suggest that Ti-biomaterials with a complex surface can induce biological reactions leading to the establishment of enhanced osseointegration, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood.…”

Intrinsic Surface Effects of Tantalum and Titanium on Integrin α5β1/ ERK1/2 Pathway-Mediated Osteogenic Differentiation in Rat Bone Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

“…Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow are multipotent stem cells that go through osteoblastic differentiation crucial for bone formation [21]. The interactions between MSCs and material surfaces generate important signals that mediate MSC behaviors, and such interactions largely involve integrins [22].…”

Role of implants surface modification in osseointegration: A systematic review

“…Under the influence of growth factors and cytokines, MSCs differentiate into osteoblasts, which can produce the extracellular matrix and form immature woven bone (Berglundh, Abrahamsson, Lang, & Lindhe, 2003;Meyer et al, 2004). It is affected by the surface properties and surrounding cell communication (Boyan, Cheng, Olivares-Navarrete, & Schwartz, 2016;Ma et al, 2018). It is affected by the surface properties and surrounding cell communication (Boyan, Cheng, Olivares-Navarrete, & Schwartz, 2016;Ma et al, 2018).…”

“…However, MSCs can also differentiate into fibroblasts that may stimulate the formation of a fibrous membrane on the implant surface and impede the process of bone ingrowth (Razzouk & Schoor, 2012). It is affected by the surface properties and surrounding cell communication (Boyan, Cheng, Olivares-Navarrete, & Schwartz, 2016;Ma et al, 2018).…”