Implementation of a naloxone dispensing program in a grocery store–based community pharmacy

Wilkerson, Dana M; Groves, Brigid K.; Mehta, Bella H.

doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa006

Cited by 4 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Forty-four full-text articles were screened for eligibility, with an additional four articles obtained by hand-searching reference lists. Twelve articles describing ten unique studies representing current community pharmacist-delivered opioid counseling and naloxone (OCN) practices were retained in the final review [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies meeting the inclusion criteria for the review were published between 2017 and 2021 and primarily used quasi-experimental ( n = 8) and observational ( n = 3) study designs, with a single experimental design ( Table 2 ). One-group (single-arm) studies were predominant ( n = 9), including pretest–posttest ( n = 5) [ 9 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 33 ], posttest ( n = 1) [ 34 ], and retrospective cohort ( n = 3) [ 10 , 19 , 28 ] designs. Two-group study designs included non-randomized controlled trials ( n = 2) [ 14 , 32 ] and a single randomized controlled trial ( n = 1) [ 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The patient education format was divided into two sub-themes describing distinct service models: one-on-one education sessions and group education sessions. All articles [ 9 , 10 , 14 , 19 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ] described a one-on-one (individual) patient education component of their OCN service, while only one article (Akers et al) [ 10 ] discussed the provision of group education sessions. Notably, individual education sessions primarily focused on counseling regarding naloxone administration and how to recognize and manage an opioid overdose.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has focused on improving pharmacist knowledge and training related to naloxone [ 16 ], pain management [ 17 ], the treatment of opioid use disorder [ 18 ], and enhancing naloxone dispensing [ 16 ]. Limited research has explored the structures and processes underlying community pharmacy-based naloxone services implementation, including the service workflows currently being utilized, the resources used, and the cost of implementation [ 19 ]. Understanding these factors is the first step in identifying best practices and actionable gaps in practice that can be leveraged to enhance OCN services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Organizational Readiness to Implement Community Pharmacy-Based Opioid Counseling and Naloxone Services: A Scoping Review of Current Practice Models and Opportunities

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to explore existing practice models and opportunities surrounding community pharmacist-delivered opioid counseling and naloxone (OCN) services in the U.S., with the goal of enhancing organizational readiness and improving patient access. A scoping literature review was conducted. English-language articles published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2012–July 2022 were sought via PubMed, CINAHL, IPA, and Google Scholar using permutations of terms such as “pharmacist/pharmacy”, “opioid/opiate”, “naloxone”, “counseling”, and “implement/implementation”. Original articles reporting the resources/inputs (personnel; pharmacist full-time equivalents; facilities and expenses; in-house versus outsourced personnel), implementation processes (legal source of pharmacist authority; patient identification strategies; intervention procedures; workflow strategies; business operations), and programmatic outcomes (uptake and delivery; interventions made; economic impact; patient or provider satisfaction) of pharmacist-delivered OCN services in community (retail) settings were retained. Twelve articles describing ten unique studies were included. The studies primarily used quasi-experimental designs and were published from 2017 to 2021. The articles described seven broad program elements/themes: interprofessional collaboration (n = 2); patient education format including one-on-one patient education (n = 12) and group education sessions (n = 1); non-pharmacist provider education (n = 2); pharmacy staff education (n = 8); opioid misuse screening tools (n = 7); naloxone recommendation/dispensing (n = 12); and opioid therapy and pain management (n = 1). Pharmacists screened/counseled 11–2716 patients and provided 11–430 doses of naloxone. Limited implementation costs, patient/provider satisfaction, or economic impact measures were reported. This review may serve as a guide for community pharmacists in implementing OCN services in their own practices. Future studies should clarify OCN program implementation costs, patient/provider satisfaction, and the economic impact.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Organizational Readiness to Implement Community Pharmacy-Based Opioid Counseling and Naloxone Services: A Scoping Review of Current Practice Models and Opportunities

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[9][10][11] Many community pharmacies have developed protocols to identify patients at high risk of opioid overdose and to educate patients on how to reduce opioid overdose risk in addition to how to use naloxone. 12 Since the passage of state naloxone access laws allowing retail pharmacies to dispense naloxone without a prescription, naloxone dispensing rates have significantly increased. 10,11 Still, this rate has not been able to keep up with opioid-related deaths.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the pharmacist in acute care interventions for opioid use disorder: A scoping review

Irwin

Walkerly

2021

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the United States. In recent years, interest in initiatives to increase access to medication for OUD (MOUD) and overdose-reversing medications (naloxone) in acute care has grown. While well positioned to intervene, the role of acute care pharmacists in these interventions is not known. The objective for this scoping review was to better understand what is presently known about the role of pharmacists in acute care OUD interventions. These were defined as initiatives implemented in either inpatient or emergency department (ED) settings aimed at treatment of OUD (eg, initiation or management of MOUD) or harm reduction in individuals with OUD (eg, education or targeted naloxone dispensing). PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched for articles pertaining to the research question from inception to 19 May 2021. Pearling was performed after the identification of eligible articles. Articles had to explicitly describe the pharmacist's role in planning, implementing, or evaluating an OUD intervention in the inpatient or ED setting.Data charting was performed by both authors using a predefined template, and data synthesis was performed via discussion between authors. The initial title search yielded 101 references which were screened and resulted in four articles that met inclusion criteria. Three additional articles were identified in the pearling process, yielding a total of seven articles. Four described initiatives aimed at point-ofcare dispensing of naloxone, and three described initiatives for provision or management of MOUD. Pharmacist roles primarily consisted of medication use process management, hospital staff and patient education, and dispensing activities. Literature describing the role of pharmacists in acute care OUD interventions is limited.Given the burden of OUD, there are many opportunities for further exploration of the roles acute care pharmacists can play in OUD harm reduction and treatment.

show abstract

Public Perceptions of Community Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Services: A National Cross-Sectional Survey

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Little is known about the general public’s perceptions regarding community pharmacist-delivered naloxone services at the national level. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to describe the US general public’s awareness, knowledge, beliefs, comfort, perceived barriers, abilities, and communication preferences related to community pharmacy-based naloxone services. A national, online cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2021 among US adults ≥18 years recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Primary outcome measures were assessed via 5-point Likert-type scales, including: (1) naloxone awareness and knowledge; (2) naloxone beliefs; (3) comfort with pharmacist-provided naloxone; (4) perceived barriers to pharmacy-based naloxone; (5) opioid overdose competencies, concerns, and readiness; and (6) preferred pharmacist-patient naloxone communication strategy. Analyses included descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to assess predictors of preferred communication strategies. Of 301 respondents, 82.1% were White, 48.8% female, and mean 43 years. Eighty-five percent were unaware of pharmacy-provided naloxone and mean [SD] knowledge score was low (29.3% [16.8]). Mean [SD] beliefs (3.78 [0.61]) and comfort (3.70 [0.54]) were positive, while perceived barriers were low/neutral (2.93 [0.78]). For communication, 54% preferred general advertisement, 32.9% universal offer, and 13.3% targeted offer. The odds of preferring a general advertisement or universal offer over a targeted offer increased with greater awareness (AOR:4.52; p = 0.003) and comfort (AOR:3.79; p = 0.003), and decreased with greater competence (AOR:0.35; p = 0.001). Although awareness and knowledge regarding community pharmacy-based naloxone services was low, beliefs and comfort were positive and perceived barriers were low/neutral. General or universal offers of naloxone were preferred over targeted approaches. Future studies should test the impact of communication strategies on naloxone uptake.

show abstract

Implementation of a naloxone dispensing program in a grocery store–based community pharmacy

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Organizational Readiness to Implement Community Pharmacy-Based Opioid Counseling and Naloxone Services: A Scoping Review of Current Practice Models and Opportunities

Organizational Readiness to Implement Community Pharmacy-Based Opioid Counseling and Naloxone Services: A Scoping Review of Current Practice Models and Opportunities

Role of the pharmacist in acute care interventions for opioid use disorder: A scoping review

Public Perceptions of Community Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Services: A National Cross-Sectional Survey

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About