Environment-friendly, easily recoverable,
cost-effective,
visible-light-active,
and biomass-derived photocatalysts for photocatalytic disinfection
of wastewater are an indispensable priority to the growing scarcity
of usable water resources. Herein, we synthesized a Ag@SiO2 core–shell (CS) nanosphere via chemical reduction and a modified
Stöber method. Subsequently, a biodegradable nanocomposite
was fabricated using CS nanospheres with dopamine (Do-Ag@SiO2) functionalization anchored with collagen (Coll-Do-Ag@SiO2), a renewable biomass sourced from biowaste, employing a sustainable
and cost-effective method. The obtained Coll-Do-Ag@SiO2 nanocomposite displayed effective photocatalytic disinfection of
tannery wastewater and Escherichia coli (E. coli), which was used as the
representative microorganism with visible light irradiation. Complete
photocatalytic disinfection was achieved within 15 and 20 min for E. coli and tannery wastewater, respectively, which
is the fastest inactivation time reported so far. The process of annihilation
of the cell wall and cell membrane was confirmed by field emission
scanning electron microscopy images of bacteria acquired at different
time intervals. The live/dead cell assay ascertains the loss of integrity
of bacterial cell walls as the cause of death. Electron paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy and radical trapping studies reveal hydroxyl
radicals (•OH), hyperoxide radicals (•O2
–), and photogenerated electrons (e–) as the main species in E. coli inactivation. The reactive species led to plasma membrane rupture,
which was found to be the key factor in the destruction mechanism.
The enhanced antibacterial performance of the Coll-Do-Ag@SiO2 nanocomposite was predominantly due to the improved photocatalysis
due to stronger light absorption, a low band gap energy of 2.95 eV,
and a low charge-transfer resistance (R
ct) of 640 Ω. Considering the easy recovery and excellent photocatalytic
performance, the biomass-derived visible-light-active Coll-Do-Ag@SiO2 nanocomposite is an attractive and inexpensive photocatalyst
for water remediation applications.