“…In paediatrics, there are publications on both the implementation of the AHCPR recommendations on pain control (Schmidt et al, 1994) and on the numerous efforts to introduce paediatric pain rating, or documentation tools or standards for pain management into clinical practice (Stevens, 1990;Howell et al, 1996;Pederson, 1996;Boughton et al, 1998;Sepponen et al, 1998;Joyce et al, 1999;Knoblauch and Wilson, 1999;Treadwell et al, 2002;Huth et al, 2003). However, nearly all QI efforts focused on paediatric postoperative pain control (Stevens, 1990;Boughton et al, 1998;Sepponen et al, 1998;Joyce et al, 1999;Knoblauch and Wilson, 1999).…”