Implementation of vortex wake control using SMA-actuated devices

Quackenbush, Todd R.; Bilanin, Alan J.; Batcho, Paul F.; McKillip, Robert; Carpenter, Bernie F.

doi:10.1117/12.274657

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Over the past few years, Quackenbush, Bilanin & McKillip (1996), Quackenbush et al (1997Quackenbush et al ( , 1998 and Quackenbush, Bilanin & Carpenter (1999) have studied the interaction of unequal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs in an effort to alleviate the sailplane wakes of military submarines. The goal of their study is to use shape memory alloys (SMA) to actively perturb the vortices and to hasten the breakup of the wake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study of the instability of unequal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs

2003

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A rapidly growing instability is observed to develop between unequal-strength counter- rotating vortex pairs. The vortex pairs are generated in a towing tank in the wakes of wings with outboard triangular flaps. The vortices from the wing tip and the inboard tip of the flap form the counter-rotating vortex pair on each side of the wing. The flow fields are studied using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry. Both chord- based and circulation-based Reynolds numbers are of O(105). The circulation strength ratios of the flap- to tip-vortex pairs range from −0.4 to −0.7. The initial sinuous stage of the instability of the weaker flap vortex has a wavelength of order one wing span and becomes observable in about 15 wing spans downstream of the wing. The nearly straight vortex filaments first form loops around the stronger wing-tip vortices. The loops soon detach and form rings and move in the wake under self-induction. These vortex rings can move to the other side of the wake. The subsequent development of the instability makes the nearly quasi-steady and two-dimensional wakes unsteady and three-dimensional over a distance of 50 to 100 wing spans. A rectangular wing is also used to generate the classical wake vortex pair with the circulation ratio of −1.0, which serves as a reference flow. This counter-rotating vortex pair, under similar experimental conditions, takes over 200 spans to develop visible deformations. Velocity, vorticity and enstrophy measurements in a fixed plane, in conjuction with the flow observations, are used to quantify the behaviour of the vortex pairs. The vortices in a pair initially orbit around their vorticity centroid, which takes the pair out of the path of the wing. Once the three-dimensional interactions develop, two-dimensional kinetic energy and enstrophy drop, and enstrophy dispersion radius increases sharply. This rapid transformation of the wake into a highly three-dimensional one offers a possible way of alleviating the hazard posed by the vortex wake of transport aircraft.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have modelled the flow of two counter-rotating vortex pairs with a Lagrangian-based vortex method. For the wake modelled in figure 4 of Quackenbush et al (1997), Γ = −0.58 and the initial distance between the inboard and outboard…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the instability of unequal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs

2003

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“…"Smart" materials have been the subject of several recent investigations for use as actuators in aerodynamic, aeroelastic, and acoustic applications. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . Piezoceramic materials feature very high frequency response but suffer from limited control power due to small crystal displacements.…”

Section: Overview Of Sma Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide range of prior projects by the present authors have established a substantial engineering knowledge base for SMA actuator design and construction [27][28][29][30][31][32] ; this includes (1) extensive materials testing (e.g., wire stress/strain analysis, repeatability, sensitivity to thermal environment); (2) generation of aero-thermal-elastic models for airfoil deflection with embedded actuators; (3) integration studies for candidate actuator designs; and (4) bench top testing of demonstration devices. In particular, a recent project implementing rotor vibration reduction using SMA-driven devices for individual blade control on helicopters [27] produced technology critical to PUVG development.…”

Section: Device Development Supporting Puvgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Testing of Deployable Vortex Generators Using SMA Actuation

Quackenbush

McKillip

Whitehouse

2010

28th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference

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Fixed-vane vortex generators (VGs) have been in existence for over 50 years and are still among the most effective available flow control devices. However once such fixed VGs have been configured to improve performance in one regime, they often penalize the performance in other conditions. This paper will summarize results of an effort making VGs deployable "on demand". The technology enabling this improvement is the use of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) based actuators to deploy Pop Up Vortex Generators (PUVG). Because of the favorable force/stroke characteristics of SMA actuators, it is possible to design PUVGs so that they retract flush to the wing surface and so have negligible aerodynamic penalty when not deployed. In addition, novel self-locking actuation devices enable deployment of PUVGs to be maintained with no power expenditure. This paper summarizes the design, construction, and demonstration of practical PUVG devices. Wind tunnel tests of a near full scale wing with an array of PUVGs are described, illustrating a substantial mitigation of flow separation and demonstrating enhanced lift as well as improved lift/drag ratio at flow conditions representative of general aviation aircraft. Nomenclature c wing chord, ft. cl max maximum lift coefficient h vortex generator device height, ft. Re x boundary layer Reynolds number, Vx V free stream speed, ft./sec. x distance along boundary surface, ft. wing angle of attack, rad. clmax angle of attack for maximum lift, rad. 0l angle of attack for zero lift, rad. boundary layer thickness, ft. kinematic viscosity, ft./sec.

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“…Recently, much progress and many potential applications appeared in the field of composite materials with embedded shape memory alloys: improvement in the level of the stressstrain curve, 1) stress concentration reduction around a crack area, 2,3) stability of composite shells and plates, 4,5) increased bandwidth for structural control, 6) tracking tabs for advanced rotor systems, 7) vortex leveraging, 8) adaptive wing, 9,10) biomimetic active hydrofoil, 11) damage suppression. 12,13) Actuation applications require, in principle, the use of SMA exhibiting the two way shape memory effect (TWSME).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Glass Epoxy Laminates with Embedded Ti-based Shape Memory Alloy

Choi

Salvia

2004

Mater. Trans.

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Growing attention has been given in the last years to the development of smart materials and structures. Among them, composite materials play evidently a leading role. In fact, it is relatively easy, taking in account their processing techniques, to embed in the structural material itself some sensors, processors and actuators at a mesoscopic scale. Shape memory alloys (SMA) are particularly fitted as actuators because they can be easily drawn into thin wires and incorporated in polymeric and metallic matrices or in classical fibre epoxy laminate structure. To test the influence of the materials and processing conditions on the actuation properties of adaptive hybrid composites four sets of asymmetric composite systems based on a glass epoxy laminate with embedded wires of a shape memory Ti-Ni-Cu alloy were processed. The SMA wires in One Way Shape Memory Effect (OWSME) or (Two Way Shape Memory Effect TWSME) conditions were incorporated as far as possible away from the neutral plan. These asymmetric hybrid laminate beams were tested in clamp-free conditions. With the actuators heated by Joule effect undergoing a reversible martensite to austenite transformation, the reversible bending was induced due to the recovery strain in relation with the shape memory effect. The most important deflection of the composite was obtained for the material, processed with embedded wires in TWSME conditions. Nevertheless, for samples just prestrained for the OWSME, a self-training effect occurred in relation to the reverse polarised austenite to martensite transformation, during cooling after actuation. In order to follow the phase transitions in the embedded SMA wires, resistance measurements have been performed during actuation. Describing the macroscopic behaviour in the frame of the unidirectional approach de Liang and Rogers and using metallurgical parameters defined from a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram, a description of the temperaturedeflection curves can be obtained. Nevertheless some parameters have to be mastered in order to process real structural parts.

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Implementation of vortex wake control using SMA-actuated devices

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Experimental study of the instability of unequal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs

Experimental study of the instability of unequal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs

Development and Testing of Deployable Vortex Generators Using SMA Actuation

Smart Glass Epoxy Laminates with Embedded Ti-based Shape Memory Alloy

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