Implementing a Distributed WSN Based on IPv6 for Ambient Monitoring

Abstract

Traditionally, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used for monitoring an extensive area. In these networks, a centralized server is usually used to collect and store the sensor information. However, new distributed protocols allow connections directly to the WSN nodes without the need of a centralized server. Moreover, these systems are able to establish communications among heterogeneous networks. The new protocols strategy is focused on considering several WSNs as a unique distributed one. This way, a user of the system is able to analyze a process under study as a whole instead of considering it as a set of different subsystems. This is the case in the evaluation of migratory waterbirds' environment. In this case, it is usual to deploy several WSNs in different breeding areas. They are all interconnected and they measure different environmental parameters. However, this improvement in the data access flexibility may result in a loss of network performance and an increase in network power consumption. Focused on this problem, this paper evaluates different communication protocols: distributed and centralized, in order to determine the best trade-off for environmental monitoring in different migratory areas of waterbirds.

Heterogeneous LoRa-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Multiprocessor Platform for Environmental Monitoring

“…Furthermore, deploying sensors in natural environments means that the range of the devices must be as high as possible, because these sites are large spaces in which most of the parameters have negligible variations in short distances. In this sense, IEEE 802.15.4 [29] has been the most common standard communication protocol used by environmental WSNs [30], but it has certain limitations in terms of its range, with just around 200 m in line of sight. However, new radio technology like LoRa [31] is opening new possibilities to wireless communication.…”

Implementing PMIPv6 Protocol Based on Extended Service Set for IEEE 802.11 Infrastructure WLAN

“…As positive acknowledgement is applied in IEEE 802.11 WLAN, a transmission failure means that either packet transmission fails or the ACK message is lost. Thus, = 2 , which turns (7)…”

“…Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) [6], which has been widely used in the Internet, was applied in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). For instance, IPv6 was used in the WSN for ambient monitoring [7]; the double adaptively clustering hierarchy (DACH) algorithm used IPv6 in WSN [8]; and IPv6-based all-IP WSNs were investigated in [9]. To support delivering IPv6 packets over low-power and low-rate WSNs, 6LoWPAN protocol [10] was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force to enable nodes in the IP network to communicate with the low-powered WSN nodes operating at low data rates [11].…”

Toward an environmental Internet of Things

“…MEMSIC's telosB motes and Zolertia's Z1 nodes are examples of low‐cost commercially available nodes which can use 6LoWPAN. Deployments include greenhouse monitoring [ Ahonen et al , ], habitat sensing in the Amazon [ Cama et al , ], monitoring flood levels in breeding areas of migratory water birds [ Larios et al ., ], and the environmental monitoring of Cairngorms, Scotland (http://www.mountainsensing.com). It is also possible to use mobile IP (LoWMob [ Bag et al ., ]) which has many potential applications including animal tracking.…”