Implementing frequency regulation capability in a solar photovoltaic power plant

Pappu, Venkata Ajay; Chowdhury, Badrul; Bhatt, Ravi

doi:10.1109/naps.2010.5618965

Cited by 56 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“… PV-PPs usually operate by maximizing the power production, meaning that no power reserves are maintained for frequency control [3][4][5][6].  Unlike conventional synchronous generators, PV units have no rotating parts; as a result, no inertial response can be provided during major power disturbances [2,3,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, most works examine transient and small signal stability [8][9][10]14,15], without considering the effects of PV-PP penetration on frequency stability. Only a small number of studies are found in which the inertial response capability of deloaded PV units is directly addressed [4][5][6]. Nevertheless, these studies investigate the control strategy itself without considering the problem from a power system perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

2014

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Abstract:In recent years, only a small number of publications have been presented addressing power system stability with the increased use of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) generation around the world. The focus of these publications was on classical stability problems, such as transient and small signal stability, without considering frequency stability. Nevertheless, with increased PV generation, its effects on system frequency response during contingencies can no longer be ignored, especially in the case of weakly interconnected networks or isolated power systems. This paper addresses the impacts of large scale PV generation on the frequency stability of power systems. The positive effects of deloaded PV power plants (PV-PPs) able to support system frequency recovery during the initial seconds after major contingencies are also examined. Because this type of frequency support is not covered by current definitions, a new terminology is proposed that includes the frequency response of inertia-less generation units immediately after major power imbalances. We refer to this type of frequency support as fast frequency response (FFR). Finally, a discussion is also presented regarding the applicability and pertinence of frequency-related grid requirements for PV-PPs in the case of real power systems. The investigation is based on the isolated power system of northern Chile. The obtained results indicate that in the case of major power imbalances, no significant effects arise on the system frequency response until PV penetration levels exceed approximately 20%. From a system security perspective, the problems arise for PV penetration levels of OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 6307 approximately 50%, in which case, the frequency response capability in PV-PPs would be justified during certain hours of the year.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

2014

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“…There are two possible operating points lying at either side of the MPP: Operating Point 1 (blue square marker) and Operating Point 2 (purple circle marker). Most of the relevant studies favor operation at the right-hand side of the P-V curve [5], [6], [9], [11], [13], i.e. at voltages greater than the MPP voltage, Vmp, rather than on the left part of the characteristic [3], [4], [7], [10].…”

Section: A Main Control Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter approach is readily realized modifying the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to operate at a suboptimal power level, rather than at the MPP [3]- [7], [9]- [13]. This is the focus of this paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, in two-stage systems as addressed in this paper, the dc/dc converter control has to be modified instead [3]- [6], [9], which is a more challenging task [4]. In [9], a typical Incremental Conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm is adopted and properly enhanced, offering simple implementation, yet limited dynamic response properties. In [3]- [6], improved dynamic response and controllability are achieved employing PI regulators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Power Reserves Control for PV Systems With Real-Time MPP Estimation via Curve Fitting

Batzelis

Kampitsis

Papathanassiou

2017

IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy

157

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-In order for a PV system to provide a full range of ancillary services to the gird, including frequency response, it has to maintain active power reserves. In this paper, a new control scheme for the dc/dc converter of a two-stage PV system is introduced, which permits operation at a reduced power level, estimating the available power (maximum power point -MPP) at the same time. This control scheme is capable of regulating the output power to any given reference, from near-zero to 100% of the available power. The proposed MPP estimation algorithm applies curve fitting on voltage and current measurements obtained during operation to determine the MPP in real time. This is the first method in the literature to use the non-simplified singlediode model for the determination of the MPP and the five model parameters while operating at a curtailed power level. The developed estimation technique exhibits very good accuracy and robustness in presence of noise and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The effectiveness of the control scheme is validated through simulation and experimental tests using a 2 kW PV array and a dc/dc converter prototype at constant and varying irradiance conditions. Index Terms -Active power control, curve fitting, linearized converter model, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV), power reserves, single-diode model.

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A review of key functionalities of battery energy storage system in renewable energy integrated power systems

2021

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Renewable energy sources (RES), such as photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines have been widely applied as alternative energy solutions to address the global environmental concern and satisfy the energy demand. The large‐scale amalgamation of intermittent RES causes reliability and stability distress in the electric grid. To mitigate the nature of fluctuation from RES, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered one of the utmost effective and efficient arrangements which can enhance the operational flexibility of the power system. This article provides a comprehensive review to point out various applications of BESS technology in reducing the adverse impacts of PV and wind integrated systems. The key focus is given to battery connection techniques, power conversion system, individual PV/wind, and hybrid system configuration. The application of BESS is categorized into three areas, active, reactive, and active‐reactive power features. The key findings of the existing research of BESS application are summarized and discussed along with several simulation results. By taking a thorough review, this article identifies the key challenges of BESS application including battery charging/discharging strategy, battery connection, power conversion efficiency, power converter, RES forecast, and battery lifetime and suggests future research directions that could be explored during the design, operation, and implementation of BESS technology in the power system.

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Implementing frequency regulation capability in a solar photovoltaic power plant

Cited by 56 publications

References 6 publications

Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

Fast Frequency Response Capability of Photovoltaic Power Plants: The Necessity of New Grid Requirements and Definitions

Power Reserves Control for PV Systems With Real-Time MPP Estimation via Curve Fitting

A review of key functionalities of battery energy storage system in renewable energy integrated power systems

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