Personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition,
and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and
orangutans. However, comparisons between species are limited by the use of different
questionnaires. We asked raters to assess free-ranging rhesus macaques at two time points
on personality and subjective well-being questionnaires used earlier to rate chimpanzees
and orangutans. Principal-components analysis yielded domains we labeled Confidence,
Friendliness, Dominance, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. The presence of Openness in
rhesus macaques suggests it is an ancestral characteristic. The absence of
Conscientiousness suggests it is a derived characteristic in African apes. Higher
Confidence and Friendliness, and lower Anxiety were prospectively related to subjective
well-being, indicating that the connection between personality and subjective well-being
in humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans is ancestral in catarrhine primates. As
demonstrated here, each additional species studied adds another fold to the rich,
historical story of primate personality evolution.