“…In this context, researchers have commonly used two methods for heat transfer enhancement; namely, active and passive ones. The passive method includes surface modifications such as corrugation at the channel wall, using baffles, blocks, twisted or helical tape (Jaferian et al , 2019; Li and Ake Sunden, 2018; Mereu et al , 2013; Tiwari and Moharana, 2019c; Zhang and Liu, 2020; Nandi and Chattopadhyay, 2013, 2014; Mehta et al , 2021), nanofluid and highly conductive porous media (Mehta and Pati, 2021a; Mehdi et al , 2014; Kameswaran et al , 2014; Bhowmick et al , 2021). While the active method needs external perturbation for flow with external sources such as electric or magnetic fields other than the pumping power.…”