Implications for Therapy

Pandrea, Ivona; Landay, Alan

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387715-4.00003-4

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 265 publications

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“…Th17 cells have been shown to play a role in the immune response against viral infections in humans including Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and HIV [ 136 , 139 , 140 , 141 ]. In addition, Th17 cells are also required for host defence against intracellular bacterial infection, such as M. tuberculosis , Listeria monocytogenes , Chlamydia trachomatis , Salmonella enterica , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Leishmania donovani , Francisella tularensis , and Toxoplasma gondii [ 142 ].…”

Section: T Helper 17 Cells (Th17)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Many Faces of CD4+ T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics

Chatzileontiadou

Sloane

Nguyen

et al. 2020

IJMS

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As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral role in the development and activation of B cells and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are incredibly heterogeneous, and can be divided into six main lineages based on distinct profiles, namely T helper 1, 2, 17 and 22 (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22), regulatory T cells (Treg) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Recent advances in structural biology have allowed for a detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that drive CD4+ T cell recognition. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the main human CD4+ T cell lineages and their role in immunity, as well as their structural characteristics underlying their detection of pathogens.

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Section: T Helper 17 Cells (Th17)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Many Faces of CD4+ T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics

Chatzileontiadou

Sloane

Nguyen

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…More recently, this drug also showed antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 [ 185 ]. Similarly, another cathepsin L inhibitor, Z-FY(t-Bu)-DMK, and cysteine protease inhibitors E64d and K11777, have been shown to block the SARS-CoV infection [ 103 , 186 ]. Moreover, MG132, a proteasome and cysteine protease inhibitor, and MDL28170, an m-calpain inhibitor, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV replication [ 103 ].…”

Section: Autophagy-related Therapeutic Targets For Covid-19 Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapamycin is a PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitor and clinically proven macrolide that exhibits potent antitumor and immunosuppressive activity [ 103 , 186 ] ( Figure 2 ). While the antiviral activity of rapamycin is controversial [ 103 ], it was capable of reducing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus [ 187 ], transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and CoVs infectivity [ 188 ].…”

Section: Autophagy-related Therapeutic Targets For Covid-19 Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Modulators of Autophagy as a Potential Strategy for the Treatment of COVID-19

Pereira

Leão

Erustes

et al. 2021

IJMS

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The family of coronaviruses (CoVs) uses the autophagy machinery of host cells to promote their growth and replication; thus, this process stands out as a potential target to combat COVID-19. Considering the different roles of autophagy during viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, in this review, we discuss several clinically used drugs that have effects at different stages of autophagy. Among them, we mention (1) lysosomotropic agents, which can prevent CoVs infection by alkalinizing the acid pH in the endolysosomal system, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, artemisinins, two-pore channel modulators and imatinib; (2) protease inhibitors that can inhibit the proteolytic cleavage of the spike CoVs protein, which is necessary for viral entry into host cells, such as camostat mesylate, lopinavir, umifenovir and teicoplanin and (3) modulators of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, such as rapamycin, heparin, glucocorticoids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (IECAs) and cannabidiol. Thus, this review aims to highlight and discuss autophagy-related drugs for COVID-19, from in vitro to in vivo studies. We identified specific compounds that may modulate autophagy and exhibit antiviral properties. We hope that research initiatives and efforts will identify novel or “off-label” drugs that can be used to effectively treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, reducing the risk of mortality.

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“…Various treatments to reduce or minimize residual immune activation are being tested, and NHP models are central for such studies ( 141 ). Several studies have investigated the usefulness of interleukin (IL)-7 treatment to limit cell depletion when administered alone or with IFN-α.…”

Section: Nhp Models For Cure Research: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for HIV Cure Research

2016

Self Cite

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The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unabated worldwide, and no vaccine exists within our grasp. Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been developed, but ART cannot clear the virus from the infected patient. A cure for HIV-1 is badly needed to stop both the spread of the virus in human populations and disease progression in infected individuals. A safe and effective cure strategy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will require multiple tools, and appropriate animal models are tools that are central to cure research. An ideal animal model should recapitulate the essential aspects of HIV pathogenesis and associated immune responses, while permitting invasive studies, thus allowing a thorough evaluation of strategies aimed at reducing the size of the reservoir (functional cure) or eliminating the reservoir altogether (sterilizing cure). Since there is no perfect animal model for cure research, multiple models have been tailored and tested to address specific quintessential questions of virus persistence and eradication. The development of new non-human primate and mouse models, along with a certain interest in the feline model, has the potential to fuel cure research. In this review, we highlight the major animal models currently utilized for cure research and the contributions of each model to this goal.

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Implications for Therapy

Cited by 21 publications

References 265 publications

The Many Faces of CD4+ T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics

The Many Faces of CD4+ T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics

Pharmacological Modulators of Autophagy as a Potential Strategy for the Treatment of COVID-19

Animal Models for HIV Cure Research

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