“…In the context of this property (suburban, relatively low ambient PM concentrations) it is likely that the opening of windows is reducing the extreme highs generated from indoor sources, but an impact on mean concentrations is more uncertain. This may be due to the impact of other activity influencing concentrations at the same time as the windows being open (cooking), although literature suggests reductions in mean PM2.5 from window ventilation alone may be possible (Yin et al, 2022, Manga andAllen, 2022). However, in other settings with poor ambient concentrations window ventilation is unlikely to be effective at reducing PM concentrations as it increases the infiltration of ambient air and hence potentially elevated PM concentrations into the home.…”