Implications of Ammonia Production and Emissions from Commercial Poultry Facilities: A Review

Ritz, Casey W.; Fairchild, Brian D.; Lacy, Mary E.

doi:10.1093/japr/13.4.684

Cited by 174 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Miles et al (2004) found that when broilers were exposed to ammonia at different concentrations for 28 days, their BW was significantly lower at 50 and 75 ppm ammonia than at 0 and 25 ppm ammonia, the BW of the broilers at the latter two ammonia concentrations did not significantly differ, and the feed efficiencies of the broilers at the four ammonia concentrations did not significantly differ. Lower feed intakes of broilers were probably associated with ammonia damaging their eyesight, thus rendering it difficult to find food (Ritz et al, 2004) or infiltrate in their blood, which would change their blood pH, inhibit respiration, and decrease their respiration rate and energy requirement (Charles and Payne, 1966). The unchanged feed to gain ratios probably indicated that the decreased final weights (or daily BW gains) of broilers result from lowered feed intake rather than metabolic changes (Charles and Payne, 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broilers exposed to different ambient humidity and ammonia concentrations

Wei¹,

Hu²,

Sa³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT.To investigate the effect of humidity and ammonia on the antioxidative capacities and meat qualities of broilers, 192 broilers were divided into 2 groups: high (H, 70 ppm) and low (L, 30 ppm) ammonia concentration. These groups were divided into 30% (Treatment humidity, T) and 60% (Control humidity, C) humidity, giving 4 treatments: C+L, C+H, T+L, and T+H. Blood and muscle antioxidative capacities and meat quality were measured. In the H group, body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), blood and muscle antioxidative capacities, and postmortem pectoral muscle a* of broilers were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and pectoral muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) contents and drip losses, postmortem pectoral muscle b* (P < 0.05) and L* (P = 0.054), and pectoral muscle shear forces (P = 0.075) increased. In the T condition, BW, ADFI, pectoral muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and pectoral muscle L* decreased (P = 0.053), and pectoral muscle shear forces and TBARS contents increased (P < 0.05). In the T+H group, BW, ADFI, ADG, blood antioxidative capacities, pectoral muscle SOD and GSHPx activities, and postmortem pectoral muscle a* were significantly lower than those of the C+L group, but postmortem pectoral muscle TBARS contents and pectoral muscle drip losses and shear forces significantly increased (P < 0.05). These results revealed that T+H could significantly reduce growth performance, antioxidative capacities, and meat quality of broilers; T intensified these negative effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broilers exposed to different ambient humidity and ammonia concentrations

Wei¹,

Hu²,

Sa³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…Currently, the most effective products seem to be those that react chemically to lower the pH of the litter, usually metal salts. Therefore, acidifying amendments of poultry litters has been suggested as a management practice to help reduce the potential environmental effect in multiple flock cycles (Ritz et al, 2004). The most common 'on-farm' technique has been the use of aluminum sulfate, which is commonly known as alum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aluminum sulfate on litter composition and ammonia emission in a single flock of broilers up to 42 days of age

Sánchez

López

Valverde

et al. 2012

Animal

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New alternatives are necessary if the environmental impact linked to intensive poultry production is to be reduced, and different litter handling methods should be explored. Among these, acidifying amendments added to poultry litters has been suggested as a management practice to help reduce the potential environmental effect involved in multiple flock cycles. There have been several studies on the use of aluminum sulfate (alum) and its benefits, but almost no data are available under farm conditions in Europe. An experiment with Ross 308 broilers from 1 to 42 days of age was conducted to evaluate the effect of alum on litter composition, the solubility of some mineral elements and NH3emission during a single flock-rearing period in commercial houses located in southeast Spain. Broilers were placed on clean wood shavings in four commercial houses, containing 20 000 broilers each. Before filling, alum was applied at a rate of 0.25 kg/m2to the wood shavings of two poultry houses, whereas the remaining two were used as control. Litter from each poultry house was sampled every 3 to 5 days. Ammonia emissions from the poultry houses were monitored from 37 to 42 days of age. In comparison with the control group, alum treatment significantly reduced the pH level of the litter (P< 0.001) with an average difference of 1.32 ± 0.24 units. Alum-treated litter showed, on average, a higher electrical conductivity than the control litter (5.52v.3.63 dS/m). The dry matter (DM) and total N and P contents did not show differences between the treatments (P> 0.05). Regarding the NH4+-N content, alum-treated litter showed a higher value than the untreated litter, with an average difference of 0.16 ± 0.07% (on a DM basis). On average, alum-treated litter had lower water-soluble P, Zn and Cu contents than the untreated litter. Alum noticeably reduced the in-house ammonia concentration (P< 0.001), with an average of 4.8 ppm at 42 days of age (62.9% lower than the control), and ammonia emissions from 37 to 42 days of age were significantly reduced by the alum treatment (P< 0.001), representing a reduction of 73.3%. The lower pH values might have reduced ammonia volatilization from the litter, with a corresponding positive effect on the building environment and poultry health. For these reasons, litter amendment with alum could be recommended as a way of reducing the pollution potential of European broiler facilities during a single flock cycle.

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“…The aforementioned gas has the effect of irritating the eyes and respiratory tracts of poultry farmers/workers. Furthermore, exposure to the gas can cause respiratory diseases [18][19][20]. According to the findings of the present study, the farms in the PPC in Maha Sarakham where chickens were raised in closed systems experienced problems with polluted air, particularly concerning accumulated ammonia gas in the chicken pens.…”

Section: Relationship Between Officials and Poultry Farmers In Ppcsmentioning

confidence: 49%

Farm Models and Eco-Health of Poultry Production Clusters (PPCs) following Avian Influenza Epidemics in Thailand

Aengwanich

2014

Sustainability

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Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and is a country that was affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemics during [2003][2004]. Nevertheless, the Thai government's issuance policy of strict control and prevention of the disease has resulted in efficient disease control of avian influenza (AI). Poultry farmers have been both positively and negatively affected by this policy. There are three poultry cluster models worthy of attention in Thailand: (1) egg chicken poultry clusters over ponds; (2) egg chicken poultry clusters in coops raised from the ground and managed by a cooperative; and (3) poultry clusters in closed coops under contract with the private sector. Following the AI epidemics, additional poultry husbandry and biosecurity systems were developed, thereby generating income and improving the quality of life for poultry farmers. Nevertheless, raising large clusters of poultry in the same area results in disadvantages, particularly problems with both air and water pollution, depending upon the environments of each poultry model. Furthermore, the government's policy for controlling AI during epidemics has had a negative effect on the relationship between officials and farmers, due to poultry destruction measures.

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Implications of Ammonia Production and Emissions from Commercial Poultry Facilities: A Review

Cited by 174 publications

References 58 publications

Antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broilers exposed to different ambient humidity and ammonia concentrations

Antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broilers exposed to different ambient humidity and ammonia concentrations

Effect of aluminum sulfate on litter composition and ammonia emission in a single flock of broilers up to 42 days of age

Farm Models and Eco-Health of Poultry Production Clusters (PPCs) following Avian Influenza Epidemics in Thailand

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