Implications of biofouling on cross-flow turbine performance

Stringer, Carl

doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2286-2

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Overall DKP 18 exhibited the broadest spectrum of activity against the macrofouling organisms screened, also inhibiting cyprid settlement by up to 50% at 0.5 μg/mL; an inhibition value lower than that of many reported antifouling natural products, and at levels comparable to the market antifoulant SeaNine™. 45,76,78 Trends within the linear alkyl substituted DKP series (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) were found to be better defined than the poly-aromatic substituted DKPs (Table 1). DKPs 7 (N α -butyl) and 8 (N α -hexyl) were demonstrated to be inactive (>20 μg/mL), whereas DKPs 9 (N α -octyl, 0.54±0.1 μg/mL) and 10 (N α -decyl, 1.90±0.4 μg/mL) showed good activity against C. savignyi.…”

Section: J O U R N a L P R E -P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…7 For example, light calcareous biofouling decreases the power coefficient of cross-flow turbines by up to 15%, while heavier fouling can render turbines incapable of producing power. 8 Biofouling increases green-house gas emissions of ships by up to 40% due hydrodynamic drag 2,9,10 and is increasingly recognised as a primary means for global spread of invasive marine organisms. 11,12 Current estimates place the combined cost of these diverse impacts of marine biofouling at approximately US$60 billion per annum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Towards eco-friendly marine antifouling biocides – Nature inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines

Grant

Rennison

Cervin

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: J O U R N a L P R E -P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards eco-friendly marine antifouling biocides – Nature inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines

Grant

Rennison

Cervin

et al. 2022

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Even biofilms as thin as 0.1 mm have been shown to increase skin friction on flat plates [56], while the barnacle heights can exceed 10 mm [57]. Barnacles at such size would cause local flow separation on the turbine blades and thus affect lift and drag components, and even lead to dynamic stall [49].…”

Section: Marine Biofoulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review

Wood

Lü

2021

Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.

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In turbomachinery, their blade leading edges are critical to performance and therefore fuel efficiency, emission, noise, running and maintenance costs. Leading edge damage and therefore roughness is either caused by subtractive processes such as foreign object damage (bird strikes and debris ingestion) and erosion (hail, rain droplets, sand particles, dust, volcanic ash and cavitation) and additive processes such as filming (from dirt, icing, fouling, insect build-up). Therefore, this review focuses on the changes in topography induced by during service to blade leading edges and the effect of roughness and form on performance and efforts to predict and model these changes. The applications considered are focused on wind, gas and tidal turbines and turbofan engines. Repair and protection strategies for leading edges of blades are also reviewed. The review shows additive processes are typically worse than subtractive processes, as the roughness or even form change is significant with icing and biofouling. Antagonism is reported between additive and subtractive roughness processes. There are gaps in the current understanding of the additive and subtractive processes that influence roughness and their interaction. Recent work paves the way forward where modelling and machine learning is used to predict coated wind turbine blade leading edge delamination and the effects this has on aerodynamic performance and what changes in blade angle would best capture the available wind energy with such damaged blades. To do this generically there is a need for better understanding of the environment that the blades see and the variation along their length, the material or coated material response to additive and/or subtractive mechanisms and thus the roughness/form evolution over time. This is turn would allow better understanding of the effects these changes have on aerodynamic/ hydrodynamic efficiency and the population of stress raisers and distribution of residual stresses that result. These in turn influence fatigue strength and remaining useful life of the blade leading edge as well as inform maintenance/repair needs.

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“…Investigations on the impact of fouling on a 1:5 scale cross-flow turbine with a model diameter of 172 mm showed that the impact of fouling on power output is substantial and, for the most severe cases, corresponding to k/c = 0.035, a 100% power reduction was found, while only a minimal reduction in thrust was measured [5]. Walker et al investigated the effect of fouling on a 800mm horizontal axis turbine (at 1:25 scale), using model scale testing, as well as predicting the turbines performance using a blade element momentum model (BEM) informed by wind tunnel experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Fouling on the Performance of an Instream Turbine

Starzmann

Kaufmann²,

Jeffcoate³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Mar. Ene.

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As the tidal energy industry starts to mature towards commercial projects a key focus is on reliable power performance. As for any marine application, fouling poses a potential performance reduction risk for instream turbine deployments. SCHOTTEL HYDRO have developed their current commercial SCHOTTEL Instream Turbines. Four drivetrains with 6.3m rotors were deployed on the surface platform PLAT-I by Sustainable Marine Energy. One of PLAT-Is key features is access to the turbines for inspection and maintenance in situ. The system has undergone sea testing from 2017 to 2021 in Scotland and Nova Scotia (Canada). This paper presents the hydrodynamic rotor performance reduction due to fouling based on full-scale experimental results. An in-house blade element momentum model is used to quantify the changes of the hydrodynamic forces in terms of lift and drag for the hydrofoils used. Furthermore, the effect of fouling on the downstream wake was quantified in the field. The performance reduction due to fouling is significant and leads to a power drop of up to 43%, whereas the thrust is reduced by 25%. This is also reflected in a reduction of the turbine’s downstream wake as a “fouled” rotor extracts less energy from the flow. Modifications of the polar data, used for semi-empirical performance predictions, are able to predict the effect of fouling on the rotor performance. In general, the results derived from the testing prove the significance of access to the turbines in order to avoid reduction in the turbines’ performance due to fouling.

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Implications of biofouling on cross-flow turbine performance

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Towards eco-friendly marine antifouling biocides – Nature inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines

Towards eco-friendly marine antifouling biocides – Nature inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines

Leading edge topography of blades–a critical review

Effect of Fouling on the Performance of an Instream Turbine

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