Implications of Changing Climate on Productivity of Temperate Fruit Crops with Special Reference to Apple

Abstract

Winter chill is essential for most of the plants that fall dormant in the winter in order to avoid frost damage and do not resume growth until a certain amount of winter chill has accumulated for fulfilling their chilling requirement. Climate change is likely to affect chilling requirement of temperate fruit crops significantly and therefore, the opportunity to meet this requirement will be reduced as the climate becomes warmer. Increase in average global temperature would move the existing plant species and varieties to new latitudinal belts with favourable climates. It is, therefore, possible that crops that are used to be productive in one area may no longer be so or the other way round. The resultant of these climate changes are clearly apparent in the shifting of apple cultivation from lower elevations to higher altitudes in India.Insufficient chilling greatly influences flower initiation and fruit colouration along with deterioration in fruit texture and taste. Further, the lack of proper chilling is also posing serious problems like scab disease, premature leaf fall and infestation of red spider mite in apple. High temperature and moisture stress is increasing sunburn and cracking in apple, apricots and cherries in the higher altitudes. Insufficient chilling reduces pollination, fruit set and ultimately the yield in walnuts, pistachio and peaches. Advanced flowering has been found in olive, apple and pear. Reduced flower size and pedicel lengths were observed in cherry due to less chilling.The studies regarding impact of climate change on fruit crops is meagre primarily due to lack of data, appropriate modeling and government policies. Development of low chill cultivars with greater tolerance to stresses, use of GIS to match varieties with the projected suitable production locations, development of suitable dormancy and chilling models, altering orchard microclimate and use of rest breaking chemicals are the viable approaches that can be adopted to yield reliable results on regional scale.

Climate Indicators for Agriculture

“…Most fruit trees, particularly stone fruits such as peaches, apples, and nuts, require a period of chilling during winter for bloom to occur during spring (Rai et al 2015). Exposure to a prolonged period of cool temperatures is required before buds can develop as temperatures warm in the spring.…”

Why apple orchards are shifting to the higher altitudes of the Himalayas?

“…Chilling hours are defined as the number of hours in which temperature remains less than 7˚C. Chilling hours is one of the very important conditions for the growth of apple and any changes in those optimum climate conditions lead to adverse growth of apple and hence influence the apple production [5]. Less chilling hours mainly lead to abnormal flowering and blooming, which results in a high probability of dormancy in apple buds [6].…”

Effect of Photo-Selective Shade Nets on Pollination Process and Nut Development of Corylus avellana L.

“…The implications of global warming are becoming major issues on the productivity of temperate fruit industry, which may decline because of the sensitivity to higher temperatures, heat waves, frequent frost, hail and strong wind events (Luedeling et al, 2011;Hribar and Vidrih, 2015;Rai et al, 2015;Midgley et al, 2016). In the South Hemisphere, South Africa is one of the largest exporting countries of temperature fruits, second only to Chile (Retamales, 2011).…”