Implications of depletion of groundwater levels in three layered aquifers and its management to optimize the supply demand in the urban settlement near Kahota Industrial Triangle area, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

This study deals with the implications of depletion of groundwater levels in three layered aquifers and its management to optimize the supply demand in the urban settlement near Kahota Industrial Triangle area, located adjacent to the Soan River, Islamabad Pakistan. Initially, a groundwater 3-D steady-state flow model has been developed, calibrated to the known observed heads of 24 water wells, verified, and confirmed that convergence has actually arrived and hydraulic heads are no more changing. Later, the transient simulation was carried out with the constant discharge rates of groundwater by means of pumping wells, storage factor, porosity, and observed drawdown matched with the simulated drawdown that appears to fall in close agreement with a difference of 0.25 m. As such, the developed groundwater model has facilitated to understand, evaluate, and to predict regional trends of groundwater flow regimes and their ultimate utilization at a maximum rate of 4.5 million gallons/day for the growing urban settlement. The calibrated and verified model was then used to simulate the depletion of groundwater level, annual water balance, discharge versus time drawdown, and a temporal behavior of the system over an extended period of pumping. The modeling results indicate that, due to the pumping, the direction of flow has changed: first from groundwater regimes to the Soan River and then it is entirely reversed from the Soan River to the groundwater regimes as the drawdown started to deepen.

The Relationship between Total Income and Groundwater Utilization on Fluviomarine Landform Area in Jakarta

“…The decrease of water level indicates a change from the effluent river to the influent river. This is similar to that of Ahmad et al (2009), who argue that the decrease of water level also occurs in the urban settlements near Kahota industrial triangle area, Islamabad, Pakistan.…”

Appraisal of Groundwater Flow Simulation in the Sub- Himalayan Watershed of Pakistan

“…We assume that 30% of rainfall is lost through runoff into the Soan and Korang rivers, 40% is lost through evapotranspiration from the surface and soil zone, and 15% is lost through the capillary and deep roots. Therefore, about 15% of rainfall, that is, 5.58 × 10 −9 m/s [36][37][38], is available to recharge the shallow groundwater. In the Margalla hills, 7-15% of the precipitation tends to recharge the aquifer system through deep fractures of variable sizes in the limestone.…”