Implications of Down’s syndrome on oral health status in patients

Abstract

Background: Down syndrome which is also known as “trisomy 21” is the commonest chromosomal defect that has been associated with intellectual disability or impairment. Clinically, it has been characterized by the generalized presence of hypotonic musculature, variety of neurobiological alterations, numerous respiratory diseases, and significantly higher risk of developing infection along with various dental abnormalities and oro-facial dysmorphological changes. Periodontal diseases are the most prominent oral health issue among individuals diagnosed with Down Syndrome. Aim: The objective of the present prevalence analysis was to study the implications of Down’s syndrome on oral health status among patients. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional prevalence analysis conducted within a duration of 1 year. A total of 100 children diagnosed with Down syndrome (aged between 5 and 16 years) were selected as the study sample. Inclusion criteria were (a) cytogenetic positive trisomy 21, (b) cooperative behavior, and (c) written informed consent obtained from the legal care-takers. Exclusion criteria were (a) any debilitating form of systemic diseases, (b) any other disability, and (c) extremely uncooperative children. The gingival health status was assessed using gingival index (GI) [Loe and Silness], calculus index (CI) [Ramfjord], and plaque index (PI) [Silness and Loe]. Information involving the practice of oral hygiene maintenance, diet plans, and parental educational status was derived from each parent. Based upon their intelligence quotient (I. Q.) values, the subjects were classified into three groups: a) mild (I. Q. level = 50 to 70), b) moderate (I. Q. level = 35 to 50), and c) severe (I. Q. level ≤35). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software tool Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Qualitative data were recorded as frequencies, and percentages and quantitative data were recorded as mean and standard deviation values. All categorical outcomes were analyzed by means of the Chi-square test. The quantitative outcomes of Calculus Index, Gingival Index, and Plaque Index were analyzed by either student’s t -test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was set at a cut-off value of P < 0.05. Results: Down syndromic children between 12 and 16 years were reported to have statistically significant higher Calculus Index, Gingival Index, and Plaque Index values in comparison with younger age syndromic children ( P < 0.01). Those with severe mental retardation had significantly higher Plaque Index ( P < 0.001) and Gingival Index ( P < 0.04) values when compared with those with mild and moderate mental retardation. No significant difference in comparing Calculus Index was noted. Conclus...

Oral health characteristics of patients living with intellectual disability at transition phase from pediatric dental service to adult dental service: A systematic review

“…This is because of physical features that people with ID have, such as low muscle tone, loose ligaments that require greater joint flexibility and decreased joint strength which would make it challenging to maintain dental hygiene or reduce access to dental treatments for this population group 20 . These findings were in accordance with past works that evaluated gingivitis in ID patients 20,21 . However, different findings contradict Amira et al 10 .…”

“…20 These findings were in accordance with past works that evaluated gingivitis in ID patients. 20,21 However, different findings contradict Amira et al 10 who reported that patients with ID have lower moderate gingivitis. 22 This might be explained by different demographic characteristics and divergent socioeconomic status.…”

Association of Down syndrome with periodontal diseases: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…altered neutrophil chemotaxis, reduced T cell function and inadequate antibody production) is probable and remains to be studied 45,47 . A recent study in 100 DS children, reported high plaque and calculus indices 48 . In this systematic review, plaque accumulation was increased in DS individuals but meta‐analysis of this variable was not possible due to different scores used and/or because was not properly reported (Table 1).…”

“…45,47 A recent study in 100 DS children, reported high plaque and calculus indices. 48 In this systematic review, plaque accumulation was increased in DS individuals but meta-analysis of this variable was not possible due to different scores used and/or because was not properly reported (Table 1). Inadequate plaque control in DS subjects is the result of the phenotype in which the concave profile, malocclusion, tooth abnormalities, mouth breathing, macroglossia and reduced fine motor capabilities are characteristic.…”

Down Syndrome Altered Cell Composition in Blood, Brain, and Buccal Swab Samples Profiled by DNA-Methylation-Based Cell-Type Deconvolution

“…One of the main difficulties in the DS population is oral health maintenance [ 17 ]. DS populations have a higher risk of oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and abnormalities of the tongue and palate [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. This increased risk is associated with various factors, including altered immune function, structural abnormalities of the teeth and jaws, and difficulty with oral hygiene self-care [ 17 , 18 ].…”