Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission 
for honey bee epidemiology

Fries, Ingemar; Camazine, Scott

doi:10.1051/apido:2001122

Cited by 230 publications

(232 citation statements)

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“…Apicultural practices also endanger unmanaged colonies in the vicinity of the apiaries (Fries & Raina 2003). Contaminated honey may serve as a reservoir of AFB spores that are dispersed when bees consume these stores (Hornitzky 1998;Fries & Camazine 2001;Lindstrom 2008;Lindstrom et al 2008).…”

Section: Transmission Of Afbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Honeybee Disease American Foulbrood — An African Perspective

et al. 2011

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Sustaining apiculture worldwide has been threatened by bee diseases and unexplained colony losses. African honeybee populations seem healthier and no major losses have been reported despite the presence of all the major pests and diseases. The scattered colonies in the large wild population of the continent might ensure slow pathogen spread and thus protect the unmanaged colonies in comparison with the concentration of colonies in managed apiaries. Beekeeping and trade in bee products is responsible for spreading many diseases throughout the world. The recent outbreak of the bacterial disease American foulbrood (AFB) in South Africa is a matter of great concern. Despite a growing number of apiaries testing positive for AFB, no major colony losses have been reported yet. This could be based on higher disease resistance of African honeybees, but such a trait might not persist if pathogens accumulate in the hives. In the first part of this article we review what is known on the history, biology and epidemiology of AFB as well as the control methods available. We then argue that given the particular context of honeybees in Africa, protection policies need to be put in place to ensure that African honeybees remain healthy.

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Section: Transmission Of Afbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Honeybee Disease American Foulbrood — An African Perspective

et al. 2011

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“…Recently, it has been shown that DWV infections can be vertically transmitted through drones and queens and that this transmission route results in covert infections (presence of the virus in the absence of visible symptoms) (de Miranda & Genersch, 2010;de Miranda & Fries, 2008;Yue et al, 2007), which follows the general assumption that vertical transmission selects for less virulent forms of a pathogen (Ewald, 1983;Ewald & De Leo, 2002;Fries & Camazine, 2001). These vertically infected bees also lacked another hallmark of overt DWV infection, the detection of DWV RNA in bees' heads (Yue & Genersch, 2005;Yue et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overt DWV infections characterized by the occurrence of visible disease symptoms (deformed wings, bloated and shortened abdomen, and miscolouring) are associated with V. destructor infestation (Ball & Allen, 1988;Bowen-Walker et al, 1999;Martin, 2001;Martin et al, 1998; Santillán-Galicia et al, 2010;Tentcheva et al, 2006;Yue & Genersch, 2005). However, the exact role of the mite in the pathogenesis of DWV is still not fully understood and a direct causal link between the virus and the symptom 'wing deformity' has not been established yet (de Miranda & Genersch, 2010).Recently, it has been shown that DWV infections can be vertically transmitted through drones and queens and that this transmission route results in covert infections (presence of the virus in the absence of visible symptoms) (de Miranda & Genersch, 2010;de Miranda & Fries, 2008;Yue et al, 2007), which follows the general assumption that vertical transmission selects for less virulent forms of a pathogen (Ewald, 1983;Ewald & De Leo, 2002;Fries & Camazine, 2001). These vertically infected bees also lacked another hallmark of overt DWV infection, the detection of DWV RNA in bees' heads (Yue & Genersch, 2005;Yue et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal transmission of deformed wing virus: pathological consequences in adult bees (Apis mellifera) depend on the transmission route

Möckel

Gisder

Genersch

2010

Journal of General Virology

161

191

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Recent reports on a steady decline of honeybee colonies in several parts of the world caused great concern. There is a consensus that pathogens are among the key players in this alarming demise of the most important commercial pollinator. One of the pathogens heavily implicated in colony losses is deformed wing virus (DWV). Overt DWV infections manifested as deformed-wing syndrome started to become a threat to honeybees only in the wake of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, which horizontally transmits DWV. However, a direct causal link between the virus and the symptom 'wing deformity' has not been established yet. To evaluate the impact of different horizontal transmission routes, and especially the role of the mite in the development of overt DWV infections, we performed laboratory infection assays with pupae and adult bees. We could demonstrate that pupae injected with DWV dose-dependently developed overt infections characterized by deformed wings in adult bees, suggesting that DWV, if transmitted to pupae by the mite, is the causative agent of the deformed-wing syndrome. The OID 50 (overt infection dosage) was approximately 2500 genome equivalents. Injecting more than 1¾10 7 DWV genome equivalents into adult bees also resulted in overt infections while the same viral dosage fed to adult bees only resulted in covert infections. Therefore, both infection of adult bees through DWVtransmitting phoretic mites and infection of nurse bees through their cannibalizing DWV-infected pupae might represent possible horizontal transmission routes of DWV. INTRODUCTIONManaged honeybees are indispensable for profitable and sustainable agriculture and for many non-agricultural ecosystems because of the extraordinary pollination service they provide. Hence, reports on a steady decline in honeybee populations in Europe, USA and Japan in the recent past (for a review see vanEngelsdorp & Meixner, 2010) caused great concern and several studies were initiated to identify the underlying cause. From these studies it became more and more evident that the key players in most of the 'inexplicable' colony losses are pathogens (Ratnieks & Carreck, 2010). Especially, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in concert with certain pathogenic bee viruses played a major role in the observed colony collapses (Cox-Foster et al., 2007;Genersch et al., 2010; Guzmán-Novoa et al., 2010;Highfield et al., 2009;Siede et al., 2008;vanEngelsdorp, 2008;vanEngelsdorp et al., 2009).One of the viruses heavily implicated in colony losses is Deformed wing virus (DWV), a plus-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Iflaviridae (Lanzi et al., 2006). DWV normally causes covert infections in honeybees (de Miranda & Fries, 2008;Hails et al., 2008;Yue et al., 2007). Overt DWV infections characterized by the occurrence of visible disease symptoms (deformed wings, bloated and shortened abdomen, and miscolouring) are associated with V. destructor infestation (Ball & Allen, 1988;Bowen-Walker et al., 1999;Martin, 2001;Martin et al., 1998; Santillán-Galicia et...

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“…bombi sporlarının ilk olarak malpighi tüplerini [19] ikincil olarak sindirim sistemleri, yağ dokusu ve beyin dahil sinir dokularını enfekte ettikleri tespit edilmiştir [11]. Enfekte olan bombus arılarında yağ dokusunda azalma, yumurtalıklarında küçülme ve malpighi tüplerinin fonksiyonunun bozulması sonucu arıların kanının daha akıcı olduğu bildirilmiştir [9].…”

Section: Mikrosporlar -Protozoaunclassified

Bombus Arısı Hastalık ve Parazitleri

Karsli¹,

Gürel²

2016

Nevşehir bilim teknol. derg.

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ÖzBombus arıları doğal ve tarımsal ekosistemlerdeki dünyanın en önemli tozlaştırıcıları olarak bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, bazı bombus arısı türleri ticari olarak yetiştirilmekte ve bitkisel üretimde tozlaşma amacıyla yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, son yıllarda doğal bombus arısı populasyonları ve tür çeşitliliği bütün dünyada azalmaktadır. Habitat parçalanması, pestisit kullanımı ve yanlış tarımsal uygulamalar bu azalış ve yok oluşların önemli sebepleri arasında sayılırken, özellikle parazit ve patojenlerin önemli miktarda koloni kayıplarına yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Ticari ve doğal bombus kolonileri çok sayıda iç ve dış parazitler, protozoa, Bumblebee Diseases and Parasites AbstractBumblebees are recognized as one of the world's most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Therefore, some bumblebee species are commercially produced and extensively used for greenhouse pollination. On the other hand in recent years, the natural abundance and diversity of bumblebee species is in decline all over the world. There are many factors regarding the causes of bumblebees decline, climate change, habitat fragmentation with diminished floral resources and pathogens. Natural and commercially bumblebee colonies are exposed to many pathogenic internal and external parasites. The most commonly reported bumblebee protozoan pathogens are the microsporodium Nosema bombi, Crithidia bombi, Apicystis bombi, the tracheal mite, Locustacarus buchneri and the nematode Sphaerularia bombi. Generally, these parasites have detrimental effects on colonization, survival and reproduction. Therefore, the accurately identification and control of bumble bee diseases and parasites are very important. Thus, both the spread of the disease can be prevented and the healthy development of the colonies will increase pollination efficiency. In this review, the most common bumblebees diseases, ways of spread and information about disease-causing parasites are summarized.

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Implications of horizontal and vertical pathogen transmission for honey bee epidemiology

Cited by 230 publications

References 50 publications

The Honeybee Disease American Foulbrood — An African Perspective

The Honeybee Disease American Foulbrood — An African Perspective

Horizontal transmission of deformed wing virus: pathological consequences in adult bees (Apis mellifera) depend on the transmission route

Bombus Arısı Hastalık ve Parazitleri

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