*A paper presented at a June 1978 conference sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and published in its After the Phillips Curve: Persistence of High Inflation and High Unemployment, Conference Series No. 19. Edited for publication in this Quarterly Review. The authors acknowledge helpful criticism from William Poole and Benjamin Friedman. s These three categories certainly do not exhaust the set of possible identifying restrictions, but they're the ones most identifying restrictions in Keynesian macroeconometric models fall into. Other possible sorts of identifying restrictions include, for example, a priori knowledge about components of E and cross-equation restrictions across elements of the Aj's, B-s, and Cj's, neither of which is extensively used in Keynesian macroeconometrics.