Implications of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Submandibular Gland: A Systematic Analysis

Shaikh, Amjad; Borle, Rajiv; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Bhola, Nitin

doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i34a31834

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Under the guidance of the concept of functional surgery, the preservation of submandibular glands in cervical lymphadenectomy has received increasing attention. There is enough evidence showing that it is safe and feasible to preserve the submandibular glands in cervical lymphadenectomy for early-stage oral and oropharyngeal cancer; however, it is still necessary to remove the submandibular glands in cervical lymphadenectomy for locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer [ 19 – 21 ], and the removal of submandibular glands are closely related to marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves by different surgical procedures in comprehensive cervical lymphadenectomy for locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: a multicenter experience

et al. 2023

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Objective According to the different characteristics of patients and cervical lymph node metastasis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer, the marginal mandibular branches of facial nerves were treated by different surgical procedures, and the safety and protective effects of different surgical procedures were investigated. Methods One hundred ninety-seven patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected. According to the different characteristics of patients and cervical metastatic lymph nodes, three different surgical procedures were used to treat the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve: finding and exposing the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves at the mandibular angles of the platysma flaps, finding and exposing the marginal mandibular branches of facial nerves at the intersections of the distal ends of facial arteries and veins with the mandible, and not exposing the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves. The anatomical position, injury, and complications of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves were observed. Results The marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves were found and exposed at the mandibular angles of the platysma flaps in 102 patients; the marginal mandibular branches of facial nerves were found and exposed at the intersections of the distal ends of the facial arteries and veins with the mandibles in 64 patients; the marginal mandibular branches of facial nerves were not exposed in 31 patients; among them, four patients had permanent injury of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves, and temporary injury occurred in seven patients. There were statistically significant differences in the protection of the mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve among the three different surgical methods (P = 0.0184). The best protective effect was to find and expose the mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve at the mandibular angle of the platysma muscle flap, and the injury rate was only 2.94%. Conclusion The three different surgical procedures were all safe and effective in treating the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves, the best protective effect was to find and expose the mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve at the mandibular angle of the platysma muscle flap.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves by different surgical procedures in comprehensive cervical lymphadenectomy for locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: a multicenter experience

et al. 2023

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“…A large number of studies have confirmed that it is safe and feasible to preserve the submandibular gland in total cervical lymphadenectomy administered for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The involvement of the submandibular gland is mainly by the direct invasion of the tumor or invasion by lymph nodes around the gland 28,29 . Therefore, in the vascular pedicle of the SIF, it is safe and feasible to preserve the submandibular gland after total dissection of lymphatic and adipose tissues at Level I 30,31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repair of postoperative defects of oral cancer with submental island flaps based on vascular pedicles of different states: a multicenter retrospective study

Zhao

Zeng

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Submental island flap has certain advantages in repairing postoperative defects of oral cancer, and it can often achieve similar or even better effects compared with those of the free tissue flap. In this study, according to the different characteristics of patients and postoperative defects of oral cancer, submental island flaps with different states of vascular pedicle were prepared, and its repair methods, safety, and clinical effects in treating postoperative defects of oral cancer were investigated. 83 patients with oral cancer who met the inclusion criteria were selected. According to the different characteristics of the patients and postoperative defects of oral cancer, the traditional submental island flap vascular pedicle was modified into three different states: submental artery perforator flap, vascular pedicled flap with the anterior belly of digastric muscle but without the submandibular gland (SIF with anterior belly of DM), and vascular pedicled flap with the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the submandibular gland (SIF with anterior belly of DM and SG). The types of the submental artery and the drainage vein, flap survival, and complications, were observed. The flap was successfully harvested for all patients, and the submental artery could be found or separated for all of them, with the venous drainage to the internal jugular vein in 57 (57/83, 68.67%), to the external jugular vein in 18 (18/83, 21.69%), and to the anterior jugular vein in eight (8/83, 9.64%) cases. Submental artery perforator flap was used for 11 cases, complete necrosis occurred in two cases (2/11, 18.18%), partial necrosis occurred in one case (1/11, 9.09%); SIF with anterior belly of DM was used for 49 cases, complete necrosis occurred in one case (1/49, 2.04%), partial necrosis occurred in four cases (4/49, 8.16%); SIF with anterior belly of DM and SG was used for 23 cases, including chimeric flap combining the submental island flap and the submandibular gland used for 15 cases, there were no cases of complete or partial necrosis. Submental island flap was effective in repairing postoperative defects of oral cancer. Submental island flaps with three different states of vascular pedicle could repair oral cancer-affected tissues with different defect characteristics.

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Implications of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Submandibular Gland: A Systematic Analysis

Cited by 2 publications

References 17 publications

Protection of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves by different surgical procedures in comprehensive cervical lymphadenectomy for locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: a multicenter experience

Protection of the marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerves by different surgical procedures in comprehensive cervical lymphadenectomy for locally advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer: a multicenter experience

Repair of postoperative defects of oral cancer with submental island flaps based on vascular pedicles of different states: a multicenter retrospective study

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