Implications of the Central America-Dominican Republic-Free Trade Agreement for the nutrition transition in Central America

Hawkes, Corinna; Thow, Anne Marie

doi:10.1590/s1020-49892008001100007

Cited by 49 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Globalization and trade liberalization play a role in the nutrition transition in LMICs through their influence on the food system, particularly the availability and price of food (51). Broadly, trade liberalization encourages greater imports of food, facilitates foreign direct investment in food production and processing, and stimulates growth of transnational food companies (51). Treaties such as the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) reduce or eliminate tariffs on animal feed and meat, processed foods, and ingredients for processed foods.…”

Section: Drivers Of Obesity In Lmics Traditional Drivers Of Obesity: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges

Ford

Patel

Narayan

2017

Annu. Rev. Public Health

393

309

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We have reviewed the distinctive features of excess weight, its causes, and related prevention and management efforts, as well as data gaps and recommendations for future research in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Obesity is rising in every region of the world, and no country has been successful at reversing the epidemic once it has begun. In LMICs, overweight is higher in women compared with men, in urban compared with rural settings, and in older compared with younger individuals; however, the urban-rural overweight differential is shrinking in many countries. Overweight occurs alongside persistent burdens of underweight in LMICs, especially in young women. Changes in the global diet and physical activity are among the hypothesized leading contributors to obesity. Emerging risk factors include environmental contaminants, chronic psychosocial stress, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and genetic/epigenetic mechanisms. Data on effective strategies to prevent the onset of obesity in LMICs or elsewhere are limited. Expanding the research in this area is a key priority and has important possibilities for reverse innovation that may also inform interventions in high-income countries.

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Section: Drivers Of Obesity In Lmics Traditional Drivers Of Obesity: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges

Ford

Patel

Narayan

2017

Annu. Rev. Public Health

393

309

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“…Recently, the implications of international trade, or trade in capital, goods and services between nations, to health and health systems have received considerable attention Fidler et al, 2009;Hawkes, 2005;Hawkes & Thow, 2008;Lee et al, 2009;Owen & Wu, 2007;Smith et al, 2009c;Walls, 2013). Much of this has been in the form of reports and books from international bodies (Blouin et al, 2006;WHO, 2014), qualitative, and case-study evidence covering a broad range of possible associations between trade and health Hawkes et al, 2009;Smith et al;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between international trade and non-nutritional health outcomes: A systematic review of quantitative studies

Burns

Jones

Suhrcke

2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Markets throughout the world have been reducing barriers to international trade and investment in recent years. The resulting increases in levels of international trade and investment have subsequently generated research interest into the potential population health impact. We present a systematic review of quantitative studies investigating the relationship between international trade, foreign direct investment and non-nutritional health outcomes. Articles were systematically collected from the SCOPUS, PubMed, EconLit and Web of Science databases. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the evidence considered, the 16 included articles were subdivided into individual level data analyses, selected country analyses and international panel analyses. Articles were then quality assessed using a tool developed as part of the project. Nine of the studies were assessed to be high quality, six as medium quality, and one as low quality. The evidence from the quantitative literature suggests that overall, there appears to be a beneficial association between international trade and population health. There was also evidence of the importance of foreign direct investment, yet a lack of research considering the direction of causality. Taken together, quantitative research into the relationship between trade and non-nutritional health indicates trade to be beneficial, yet this body of research is still in its infancy. Future quantitative studies based on this foundation will provide a stronger basis on which to inform relevant national and international institutions about the health consequences of trade policies.

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“…There is widespread agreement that such downstream -and often unintended -consequences of trade policy making for health must be identified and described in order to ensure that appropriate complementary policies can be developed (4) . A further health implication of the trade liberalisation agenda is the facilitation of unhealthy consumption patterns related to the nutrition transition (4)(5)(6)(7)(8) . This transition is of growing concern in developing countries, where an observed convergence towards diets high in fat (particularly saturated fat) and sugar, and low in fibre has accompanied a rising burden of chronic disease (9,10) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade liberalisation and the nutrition transition: mapping the pathways for public health nutritionists

Thow

2009

Public Health Nutr.

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128

103

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Objective: To describe pathways through which trade liberalisation affects the food environment, relevant to the nutrition transition, in order to enable public health nutritionists to understand trade policy as a macro-level influence on food consumption. Design: The pathways mapped in the present paper are based on the agreements of the World Trade Organization, which shape national policy. Implications for nutrition are presented based on a comprehensive literature review, and case studies are used to illustrate the various pathways. Setting: Developing countries are currently experiencing a nutrition transition, resulting in dietary patterns associated with chronic disease. Chronic diseases are amenable to prevention, and trade policy has been highlighted as a potential avenue for nutrition-related prevention. Results: Trade liberalisation influences the food environment through facilitating trade in goods and services, enabling investment and decreasing support/protection for domestic industry. These policy outcomes facilitate the nutrition transition particularly through increasing the availability and affordability of processed foods and animal products. The framework highlights the complex relationship between trade policy and the nutrition transition, with both negative and positive outcomes arising from different aspects of trade liberalisation. Conclusions: Policy change associated with trade liberalisation has created incentives for consumption patterns associated with the nutrition transition, but has also had some positive nutritional outcomes. As a result, it is important for public health nutritionists to consider the implications of trade policy decisions in their efforts to prevent and control diet-related chronic diseases.

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Implications of the Central America-Dominican Republic-Free Trade Agreement for the nutrition transition in Central America

Cited by 49 publications

References 19 publications

Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges

Obesity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Burden, Drivers, and Emerging Challenges

The relationship between international trade and non-nutritional health outcomes: A systematic review of quantitative studies

Trade liberalisation and the nutrition transition: mapping the pathways for public health nutritionists

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