Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation

Franck, Erik; Raedt, Rudi De; Dereu, Mieke; Abbeele, Dirk Van den

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.05.003

Cited by 86 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Such discrepancies are also associated with greater experiential avoidance (which we previously documented in this patient group [30]) and consistent with reports that many patients with PNESs lack emotional and psychological awareness [1]. Furthermore, the relatively high implicit, low explicit SE profile mirrors that observed in people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and depression with suicidal ideation [22] and [23] and may be reflective of a fragmented self that is commonly associated with dissociative disorders.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Although implicit SE and explicit SE are susceptible to change, Baccus, Baldwin, and Packer [19] suggest that such divergences between the two interfere with a person's ability to benefit from positive social feedback. Notably, discrepancies in either direction are thought to be maladaptive and have been found to correlate with psychological distress in depression [22] and borderline personality disorder [23], both of which are associated with childhood trauma [24] and [25] and PNESs [3] and [4]. One explanation for why discrepant self-evaluations are problematic comes from cognitive dissonance theory [26], which proposes that conflicting thoughts, ideas, beliefs, or behaviors produce uncomfortable feelings and tension or anxiety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Purpose: Self-esteem (SE), or one's sense of competence and worth, is reduced in many mental and physical\ud disorders. Low SE is associated with perceived stigma and disability and poor treatment outcomes. The present\ud study examined implicit and explicit SE (automatic and deliberate views about the self) in people with epilepsy\ud and people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE\ud have been found to correlate with psychological distress in disorders often associated with PNESs but are\ud relatively unexplored in PNESs. We hypothesized that, compared with epilepsy, PNESs would be associated\ud with lower self-reported SE and greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE.\ud Methods: Thirty adults with PNESs, 25 adults with epilepsy, and 31 controls without a history of seizures were\ud asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a measure of explicit SE and an Implicit Relational\ud Assessment Procedure as a measure of implicit SE. The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and Patient Health\ud Questionnaire—15 (a somatic symptom inventory) were also administered.\ud Results: We found significant group differences in explicit (p b 0.001) but not implicit SE. Patients with PNESs\ud reported lower SE than the other groups. No group differences were found in implicit SE. Implicit–explicit SE\ud discrepancies were larger in the group with PNESs than in the other groups (p b 0.001). Higher frequency of\ud PNESs (but not epileptic seizures) was associatedwith lower explicit SE (rs=−.83, p b 0.01) and greater SE discrepancies\ud (i.e., lower explicit relative to implicit SE; rs = .65, p b 0.01). These relationships remained significant\ud when controlling for anxiety and somatization.\ud Conclusion: Patients with PNESs had lower explicit SE than those with epilepsy or healthy controls. In keeping\ud with our expectations, there were greater discrepancies between implicit SE and explicit SE among patients\ud with PNESs than in the other groups. Our results, including the strong relationship between PNES frequency,\ud anxiety, and explicit–implicit SE discrepancies, support the interpretation that PNESs serve to reduce cognitive\ud dissonance, perhaps protecting patients' implicit SE

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Dimaro

Roberts

Moghaddam

et al. 2015

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…Nevertheless, the positive bias observed in each group's D IRAP-Total score is clearly compatible with the general tendency of implicit and explicit self-esteem measures to be positively biased even in clinical samples such as depressed individuals (Franck, De Raedt, Dereu, & Van den Abbeele, 2007). On balance, it is interesting that the open area prisoners, similar to the undergraduates, demonstrated a positive bias in their D IRAP-POS and D IRAP-NEG scores, but the main block prisoners showed a clear divergence across these two measures (significantly positive for D IRAP-POS with virtually no effect for D IRAP-NEG ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…If the IRAP functions as a valid measure of implicit self-esteem, shorter response latencies on consistent relative to inconsistent blocks would indicate higher levels of self-esteem. Furthermore, based on previous IAT studies (e.g., Bosson, Swann, & Pennebaker, 2000;Franck, De Raedt, & De Houwer, 2007;Franck, De Raedt, Dereu, & Van den Abbeele, 2007;Glen & Banse, 2004;Greenwald & Farnham, 2000;Karpinski & Steinman, 2006;Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2007), it was anticipated that there would be a weak to moderate positive correlation between the IRAP and the explicit measure of self-esteem. …”

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confidence: 99%

A First Test of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a Measure of Self-Esteem: Irish Prisoner Groups and University Students

Vahey

Barnes‐Holmes

et al. 2009

Psychol Rec

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“…While previous research on implicit attitudes to death has explored the associations between the concepts of (a) self and evaluation (i.e., "self-esteem": Creemers, Scholte, Engels, Prinstein, & Wiers, 2013;Dickstein et al, 2015;Franck, De Raedt, Dereu, & Van den Abbeele, 2007;Glashouwer et al, 2010;Price et al, 2009;Price et al, 2014); and (b) self and death (i.e., "death-identity": Dickstein et al, 2015;Harrison et al, 2014;Nock et al, 2010;Price et al, 2009;Price et al, 2014;Randall et al, 2013;Tang et al, 2013;Violanti et al, 2013); no work has explored the association between death and evaluation. This is somewhat surprising, given the centrality of evaluations within many psychological theories that focus on death.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Life is Good, But Death Ain’t Bad Either: Counter-Intuitive Implicit Biases to Death in a Normative Population

2015

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The current study explored implicit attitudes to life and death in a student population using both the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).The IAT was similar to one used in previously published researched in the context of the prospective prediction of suicide and self-harm. Two IRAPs were employed, one that assessed relational responses specific to death and life with respect to self, and a second that assessed relational responses specific to evaluations of death and life. The IAT replicated previous results found in normative populations. The IRAPs indicated "prolife" biases, as expected. However, they also failed to demonstrate the presence of strong "antideath" biases, and in one case a specific "death-positive" bias was found. The results observed on the explicit measures did not readily explain the absent or "prodeath" effects observed on the IRAPs. Indeed, participants reported a normative level of anxiety and fear of death. Implications for the study of implicit attitudes to death using the IRAP are considered.

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Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation

Cited by 86 publications

References 29 publications

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

Implicit and explicit self-esteem discrepancies in people with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

A First Test of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a Measure of Self-Esteem: Irish Prisoner Groups and University Students

Life is Good, But Death Ain’t Bad Either: Counter-Intuitive Implicit Biases to Death in a Normative Population

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