Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Previously and Never Depressed Individuals: Baseline Differences and Reactivity to Rumination

Roberts, John Η.; Porter, Andrew C.; Vergara-Lopez, Chrystal

doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9732-2

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…At the behavioral level, abnormal self-knowledge could be indexed by a negative explicit self-view (13, 80) and discrepant self-esteem, which involves relatively higher implicit self-esteem and lower explicit self-esteem (11, 33, 34, 111). Furthermore, a greater discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem is related to more severe MDD, or a higher possibility of being affected by the illness (42, 111).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, more researchers have reported a normal ISE combined with a lower ESE in individuals with current depression (41, 42, 82–85), previous depression (41), remitted depression (11, 39, 86), and chronic depression with late onset (33), when compared to non-depressed individuals. Some researchers have even observed higher ISE and lower ESE in current depression (83, 85, 87) and previous depression (34, 82).…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although a large number of studies have indicated a lower self-attitude in MDD, relative to healthy individuals, at an explicit level (8–10, 20), more heterogeneous patterns have been reported in implicit studies (34, 36, 41, 42, 81).…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In brief, explicit methods may not accurately reflect a person's real attitude about him/herself (30, 31). Thus, implicit paradigms were introduced into self-knowledge studies (32–34). The most commonly used implicit paradigms are the Implicit Association Test (IAT) (35, 36) and the Name-Letter Test (NLT) (37, 38).…”

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the compatible condition, self-related stimulus words (e.g., one's own name or date of birth) shared the same key with “valuable” personality trait words (e.g., competent), while self-unrelated words (e.g., other's name or non-meaningful date) shared another key with “worthless” personality trait words (e.g., unsuccessful). The incompatible condition was reverse coded (34, 41, 42) (Table 1).…”

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

et al. 2019

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Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an affective disorder that is harmful to both physical and mental health. Abnormal self-knowledge, which refers to abnormal judgments about oneself, is a core symptom of depression. However, little research has summarized how and why patients with MDD differ from healthy individuals in terms of self-knowledge. Objective: To gain a better understanding of MDD, we reviewed previous studies that focused on the behavioral and neurological changes of self-knowledge in this illness. Main Findings: On the behavioral level, depressed individuals exhibited negative self-knowledge in an explicit way, while more heterogeneous patterns were reported in implicit results. On the neurological level, depressed individuals, as compared with non-depressed controls, showed abnormal self-referential processing in both early perception and higher cognitive processing phases during the Self-Referential Encoding Task. Furthermore, fMRI studies have reported aberrant activity in the medial prefrontal cortex area for negative self-related items in depression. These results revealed several behavioral features and brain mechanisms underlying abnormal self-knowledge in depression. Future Studies: The neural mechanism of implicit self-knowledge in MDD remains unclear. Future research should examine the importance of others' attitudes on the self-concept of individuals with MDD, and whether abnormal self-views may be modified through cognitive or pharmacological approaches. In addition, differences in abnormal self-knowledge due to genetic variation between depressed and non-depressed populations remain unconfirmed. Importantly, it remains unknown whether abnormal self-knowledge could be used as a specific marker to distinguish healthy individuals from those with MDD. Conclusion: This review extends our understanding of the relationship between self-knowledge and depression by indicating several abnormalities among individuals with MDD and those who are at risk for this illness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

et al. 2019

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Thought control in daily working life: How the ability to stop thoughts protects self‐esteem

Göbel

Niessen

2021

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Dealing with unwanted thoughts is a recurrent phenomenon in everyday life. The present study focuses on intrusive thoughts in the work context and examines the protective function of thought control for self-esteem. Possible mediators (negative affect, task focus) and individual differences in the ability to control unwanted thoughts are also considered. We assessed 143 employees' individual ability to suppress thoughts using the think/no-think paradigm, followed by a five-day experience sampling study in the work context. Multilevel analyses showed that individuals with lower suppression abilities experienced higher negative affect and lower self-esteem when they tried to suppress intrusive thoughts, whereas individuals with higher suppression abilities did not. The findings reveal the protective nature of thought suppression abilities, but also highlight possible detrimental aspects of unsuccessfully engaging in thought control. The results provide a basis for recommendations to individuals on dealing with intrusive thoughts.

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Relationship of explicit/implicit self‐esteem discrepancies, suicide ideation, and suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder

et al. 2022

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The present study was conducted to explore the associations between explicit self-esteem (ESE), implicit self-esteem (ISE), ESE/ISE discrepancies, depression severity, suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide risk among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). To this end, 36 MDD patients with SI, 35 MDD patients without SI, and 32 healthy controls were recruited. All participants were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and they also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation-Chinese Version (BSI-CV) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were used for the analysis. Further, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was conducted to assess participants' ISE. The study revealed significant differences in ESE among the three groups, F(2, 90) = 44.88, p < .001. In particular, the group of MDD patients with SI had the lowest score. The interaction between the size and direction of ESE/ISE discrepancy was associated with depression severity, β = À.50, p = .004, and SI, β = À.39, p = .045. Among the four types of self-esteem, individuals with diminished self-esteem had the highest SI score whereas individuals with low congruent self-esteem had the highest suicide risk score. Based on these findings, the study suggested that diminished self-esteem could help in the early detection of depression and SI. Low-congruent self-esteem may also be considered a screening factor for suicide risk.

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Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Previously and Never Depressed Individuals: Baseline Differences and Reactivity to Rumination

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

Review of Abnormal Self-Knowledge in Major Depressive Disorder

Thought control in daily working life: How the ability to stop thoughts protects self‐esteem

Relationship of explicit/implicit self‐esteem discrepancies, suicide ideation, and suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder

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