“…ICC has been an area of interest since, at least, the 1960s (Cobham, 1965), with a resurgence in the last 30 years since the groundbreaking work of Bellantoni & Cook (1992). There are multiple approaches to ICC, see, e.g., the survey (Hofmann, 2000) for early developments pre-2000, andDal Lago (2022) for a recent survey about methods involving higher-order programs. Recently, implicit characterizations have been furnished for complexity classes using different modes of computation, or using different modes of computation as a means of characterizing standard complexity classes; in particular, this includes probabilistic computation (Lago & Toldin, 2015;Lago et al, 2021), reversible computation (Kristiansen, 2022), parallel computation (Baillot & Ghyselen, 2022), and higher-order complexity (Hainry et al, 2022).…”