Implicit-Explicit Differences in Self-Enhancement for Americans and Japanese

Kobayashi, Chihiro; Greenwald, Anthony G.

doi:10.1177/0022022103257855

Cited by 66 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This view is based on the stereotypic dichotomy that individualistic cultures value independence and uniqueness, while collectivistic cultures value interdependence and similarity (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). Use of the Implicit Association Test, however, has demonstrated convincingly that the motive exists in both North America and Japan (Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003), and these findings concur with other studies conducted with improved methodologies (Brown & Kobayashi, 2002;Kobayashi & Brown, 2003). These studies also question the validity of self-report data about attitudes related to culture.…”

Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 57%

Culture and Cultural Worldviews: Do Verbal Descriptions about Culture Reflect Anything Other Than Verbal Descriptions of Culture?

Matsumoto

2006

Culture & Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper I delineate the difference between cultural worldviews, cultural practices and actual behaviors, and suggest that verbal descriptions and narratives that are used to extract cultural worldviews and folk theories may not describe actual cultural practices or behaviors that occur in real life. I discuss five types of evidence to support this claim: (1) limitations in the use of selectively chosen verbal statements and (2) some kinds of culture-related literature; (3) the large variability in individual within-culture variance relative to between-culture differences, and the limitations of attitude-based measures to predict actual behaviors; (4) the fact that cultural differences in individual-level measures of psychological culture may not exist when socially appropriate responding is statistically controlled for; and (5) the boundaries of knowledge that can be gleaned from cultural studies of emotion based on verbal descriptions and narratives. Culture researchers who use individual-level measures of culture or other verbal descriptions of culture need to be aware of the theoretical and empirical differences between verbally reported consensual cultural worldview ideologies and real-life behaviors.The former may not be reflective of the latter.Ne pas confondre l'image et son reflet dans le miroir.(Do not confuse an image with its reflection in the mirror.)Verbal descriptions of culture play a prominent role in studies of culture. One of the major advances in quantitative studies, for instance, has been the development of individual-level measures of psychological dimensions of culture. They have provided researchers with valuable tools to validate cultural differences between samples, and to use as mediators in explaining cultural differences. In cultural Culture & Psychology

show abstract

Section: Notessupporting

confidence: 57%

Culture and Cultural Worldviews: Do Verbal Descriptions about Culture Reflect Anything Other Than Verbal Descriptions of Culture?

Matsumoto

2006

Culture & Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other studies, however, have examined self-esteem or self-enhancement from a relational approach. For example, in a laboratory experiment involving pairs of friends, both Japanese and Americans demonstrated implicit positive self-evaluations and explicit negative self-evaluations when making comparisons between self and a close friend of the same gender (Kitayama & Uchida, 2003;Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003), but the role of positive feedback from others in self-esteem maintenance remains to be demonstrated (in the present study).…”

Section: Cross-cultural Self-evaluation Research In a Relationship Comentioning

confidence: 47%

“…The present study builds on previous work that has considered self-evaluation in a relational context (Dalsky, Gohm, Noguchi, & Shiomura, 2008;Kitayama & Uchida, 2003;Kobayashi & Greenwald, 2003;Muramoto, 2003;Muramoto & Yamaguchi, 1997). It involves a cross-cultural experiment in which two friends were not engaged in competition to test for cultural differences in the effects of positive feedback on selfesteem.…”

Section: Overview and Predictions Of The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Communicating Success With Friends on Self-Esteem in Japan and the United States

Dalsky

2011

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper reports on a study relevant to the psychology literature on pan-cultural self-enhancement; namely, what are some strategies by which people from nonwestern cultures raise their self-worth? I conducted an experiment to test hypotheses regarding culturally acceptable means of communicating positive feedback and its effect on changes in self-esteem. Japanese were expected to report elevated feelings of self-worth after receiving positive feedback from a friend, whereas Americans were expected to report higher feelings of self-worth after announcing their own positive feedback (given by an experimenter in front of a friend). One hundred and fifty-seven pairs of friends participated in an experiment in which one friend in each pair was the target of positive feedback from a simulated creativity test (delivered by self or friend). Analyses revealed that culture and source of feedback affected the global self-esteem of the test takers and appearance self-esteem of both the test taker and the friend. Relative to each culture, US Americans' self-esteem increased after self-delivered feedback, whereas the self-esteem of Japanese increased after feedback announced by a friend. The results highlight appropriate feedback situations leading to positive self-evaluation for Japanese and Americans. Implications for intercultural education are discussed.

show abstract

“…Kobayashi and Greenwald (2003) found discrepancies in implicit–explicit references of others and self in Japanese people and their Western counterparts. They also found that for Japanese people, describing oneself as superior to others is less acceptable, whereas in Western cultures, describing oneself as inferior to others is less acceptable.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 91%

Relational experiences of partnered Japanese immigrant women with affect disorders

Kennedy¹,

Tsai²

2006

Journal of Advanced Nursing

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The influence of Japanese culture on gender role and communication styles functions contrary to the mainstream Western culture of the United States of America. In the future, interpersonal elements of cultural differences between host and original cultures in immigration should be considered in research related to immigrants' mental health. This approach should lead to effective interventions to facilitate mental health among immigrants, and regardless of purposes of immigration or length of stay in a psychosocially foreign environment.

show abstract

Implicit-Explicit Differences in Self-Enhancement for Americans and Japanese

Cited by 66 publications

References 40 publications

Culture and Cultural Worldviews: Do Verbal Descriptions about Culture Reflect Anything Other Than Verbal Descriptions of Culture?

Culture and Cultural Worldviews: Do Verbal Descriptions about Culture Reflect Anything Other Than Verbal Descriptions of Culture?

Effects of Communicating Success With Friends on Self-Esteem in Japan and the United States

Relational experiences of partnered Japanese immigrant women with affect disorders

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About