Implicit Learning and Acquisition of Music

Rohrmeier, Martin; Rebuschat, Patrick

doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2012.01223.x

Cited by 136 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 186 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…Conclusiveness ratings did not differ between conditions when participants indicated that they based their rating on intuition or guessing. This finding is in agreement with explicit judgment knowledge found in musical-learning studies (39). Explicit judgment knowledge does not necessarily imply that individuals had explicit structural knowledge (i.e., that they actually knew the rule), but that they were aware of knowledge that guided their responses (35).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Processing of hierarchical syntactic structure in music

Koelsch¹,

Rohrmeier

Torrecuso

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Hierarchical structure with nested nonlocal dependencies is a key feature of human language and can be identified theoretically in most pieces of tonal music. However, previous studies have argued against the perception of such structures in music. Here, we show processing of nonlocal dependencies in music. We presented chorales by J. S. Bach and modified versions in which the hierarchical structure was rendered irregular whereas the local structure was kept intact. Brain electric responses differed between regular and irregular hierarchical structures, in both musicians and nonmusicians. This finding indicates that, when listening to music, humans apply cognitive processes that are capable of dealing with longdistance dependencies resulting from hierarchically organized syntactic structures. Our results reveal that a brain mechanism fundamental for syntactic processing is engaged during the perception of music, indicating that processing of hierarchical structure with nested nonlocal dependencies is not just a key component of human language, but a multidomain capacity of human cognition.syntax | context-free grammar | parsing | electroencephalography | EEG

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Processing of hierarchical syntactic structure in music

Koelsch¹,

Rohrmeier

Torrecuso

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

188

187

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“…Two other systems that are particularly likely to play a role in both domains are implicit learning and working memory. Implicit learning plays an important role in the acquisition of complex structural knowledge, both in language (e.g., Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996;see Kuhl, 2004, for a review) and in music (e.g., Ettlinger, Margulis, & Wong, 2011;Loui, Wu, Wessel, & Knight, 2009;Loui, Wessel, & Husdon Kam, 2010;Loui, 2012;Rohrmeier & Rebuschat, 2012). Support for shared reliance on implicit learning mechanisms comes from the finding that musical training (which presumably places additional demands on implicit learning mechanisms) leads to better implicit learning of both musical and linguistic structure (Francois & Schön, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing structure in language and music: a case for shared reliance on cognitive control

Slevc

Okada

2014

Psychon Bull Rev

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The relationship between structural processing in music and language has received increasing interest in the last several years, spurred by the influential Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH;Patel, 2003). According to this resource-sharing framework, music and language rely on separable syntactic representations but recruit shared cognitive resources to integrate these representations into evolving structures. The SSIRH is supported by findings of interactions between structural manipulations in music and language. However, other recent evidence suggests that such interactions can also arise with non-structural manipulations, and some recent neuroimaging studies report largely non-overlapping neural regions involved in processing musical and linguistic structure. These conflicting results raise the question of exactly what shared (and distinct) resources underlie musical and linguistic structural processing. This paper suggests that one shared resource is prefrontal cortical mechanisms of cognitive control, which are recruited to detect and resolve conflict that occurs when expectations are violated and interpretations must be revised. By this account, musical processing involves not just the incremental processing and integration of musical elements as they occur, but also the incremental generation of musical predictions and expectations, which must sometimes be overridden and revised in light of evolving musical input.

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“…Here, we consider "syntax" generally as the knowledge of regularities that 50 control the integration of smaller units into larger musical phrases (Swain, 1995) and thereby 51 support predictions. It is well established that tacit knowledge about structural regularities of 52 music 1) is acquired implicitly (Loui et al, 2009;Rohrmeier and Rebuschat, 2012;Tillmann 53 et al, 2000), 2) largely shapes our musical competence across different musical systems and 54 cultures (Eerola et al, 2006;Lartillot and Ayari, 2011), and 3) enables listeners to cognitively 55 link current auditory items to past events and to generate predictions on forthcoming events 56 (Patel, 2003;Tillmann, 2012). In the present study we will focus on harmonic regularities and 57 investigate how they govern predictions during (auditory) music perception and (silent) 58 musical actions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural networks for harmonic structure in music perception and action

et al. 2016

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1The ability to predict upcoming structured events based on long-term knowledge and 2 contextual priors is a fundamental principle of human cognition. Tonal music triggers 3 predictive processes based on structural properties of harmony, i.e., regularities defining the 4 arrangement of chords into well-formed musical sequences. While the neural architecture of 5 structure-based predictions during music perception is well described, little is known about 6 the neural networks for analogous predictions in musical actions and how they relate to 7 auditory perception. To fill this gap, expert pianists were presented with harmonically 8 congruent or incongruent chord progressions, either as musical actions (photos of a hand 9 playing chords) that they were required to watch and imitate without sound, or in an auditory 10 format that they listened to without playing. By combining task-based functional magnetic 11 resonance imaging (fMRI) with functional connectivity at rest, we identified distinct sub-12 regions in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) interconnected with parietal and temporal areas 13 for processing action and audio sequences, respectively. We argue that the differential 14 contribution of parietal and temporal areas is tied to motoric and auditory long-term 15 representations of harmonic regularities that dynamically interact with computations in rIFG. 16Parsing of the structural dependencies in rIFG is co-determined by both stimulus-or task-

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Implicit Learning and Acquisition of Music

Cited by 136 publications

References 186 publications

Processing of hierarchical syntactic structure in music

Processing of hierarchical syntactic structure in music

Processing structure in language and music: a case for shared reliance on cognitive control

Neural networks for harmonic structure in music perception and action

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