Implicit measurement of positive and negative future thinking as a predictor of depressive symptoms and hopelessness

Kosnes, Liv; Whelan, Robert; O’Donovan, Aoife; McHugh, Louise

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.06.001

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…; Kosnes et al. ), a verbal fluency task assessing phonemic fluency (stimuli: F, A, S), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, was administered to assess for group differences in verbal fluency abilities (Gladsjo et al. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Kosnes et al. ). Preliminary work indicates that clinical variables, including burden of illness and impaired social functioning, are associated with reduced generation of future episodic details among patients with mood disorders (King et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A number of studies reveal alterations in episodic simulation of future events in patients with MDD (MacLeod and Byrne 1997;Holmes et al 2008;Bj€ arehed et al 2010;King et al 2011a;Morina et al 2011;Kosnes et al 2013) and with PTSD (Brown et al 2013;Kleim et al 2014) with some studies pointing towards a moderating influence of emotion on episodic simulation. For example, Kleim et al (2014) found that assault and motor vehicle accident survivors with PTSD imagined fewer specific future events in response to positive cues, as compared to trauma-exposed participants without PTSD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brown et al (2013), however, found that combat veterans with PTSD were more likely to generate overgeneral future events in response to neutral cue words as compared to combat veterans without PTSD. In addition, patients with depression have repeatedly shown impairments in the generation of future positive events (Bj€ arehed et al 2010;Morina et al 2011;Kosnes et al 2013). Preliminary work indicates that clinical variables, including burden of illness and impaired social functioning, are associated with reduced generation of future episodic details among patients with mood disorders (King et al 2011a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental bonding and neuropsychological performance are associated with episodic simulation of future events in trauma‐exposed patients with major depressive disorder

et al. 2016

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IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and trauma‐related disorders are associated with deficits in remembering the past and imagining the future (i.e., episodic simulation). We examined parental bonding and neuropsychological performance in relation to episodic simulation in trauma‐exposed patients with recurrent MDD.MethodsTrauma‐exposed patients with MDD (n = 21) and matched controls (n = 20) completed a future‐oriented Autobiographical Interview, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and a standardized neuropsychological battery.ResultsPatients with major depressive disorder generated fewer episodic details for future neutral events compared to controls. Although higher reported levels of maternal care were associated with increased specificity of negative future events among the patient group, higher maternal overprotection was related to decreased specificity of negative and positive future events. Higher levels of performance on measures of intelligence, verbal memory, executive functioning, and sustained attention were associated with increased specificity of future events.ConclusionsMaternal relations during childhood and neuropsychological performance are related to the specificity of episodic simulation in adult patients with MDD. Childhood experience continues to influence memory performance into adulthood.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental bonding and neuropsychological performance are associated with episodic simulation of future events in trauma‐exposed patients with major depressive disorder

et al. 2016

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“…Indeed, Kosnes, Whelan, O'Donovan, and McHugh (2013) provided evidence for this suggestion using the IRAP with a sub-clinically depressed sample and a normative one. The authors claimed they were measuring participants' responses to future thinking (i.e., measuring the difference between pressing True and False to 'I expect' or 'I don't expect' which were presented with positive and negative words).…”

Section: Consideration Of Special Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring implicit attitudes: A positive framing bias flaw in the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).

O’Shea

Watson

Brown

2016

Psychological Assessment

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How can implicit attitudes best be measured? The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), unlike the Implicit Association Test (IAT), claims to measure absolute, not just relative, implicit attitudes. In the IRAP, participants make congruent (Fat Person-Active:False; Fat Person-Unhealthy: True) or incongruent (Fat Person-Active: True; Fat PersonUnhealthy: False) responses in different blocks of trials. IRAP experiments have reported positive or neutral implicit attitudes (e.g., neutral attitudes towards fat people) in cases where negative attitudes are normally found on explicit or other implicit measures. It was hypothesized that these results might reflect a Positive Framing Bias (PFB) that occurs when participants complete the IRAP. Implicit attitudes towards categories with varying prior associations (nonwords, social systems, flowers and insects, thin and fat people) were measured. Three conditions (standard, positive framing, and negative framing) were used to measure whether framing influenced estimates of implicit attitudes. It was found that IRAP scores were influenced by how the task was framed to the participants, that the framing effect was modulated by the strength of prior stimulus associations and that a default PFB led to an overestimation of positive implicit attitudes when measured by the IRAP. Overall, the findings question the validity of the IRAP as a tool for the measurement of absolute implicit attitudes. A new tool (Simple Implicit Procedure: SIP) for measuring absolute, not just relative, implicit attitudes is proposed. Implicit attitudes are automatic evaluations that occur outside conscious awareness and are measured without requiring respondents to introspect on their feelings. Explicit attitudes in contrast are the result of deliberate introspection and controlled evaluative judgment (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). One reason for measuring implicit attitudes is that participants may use self-presentation tactics or respond in a socially desirable manner on explicit self-reports to avoid being perceived as prejudiced. Implicit measures can also be useful in areas where participants might be unwilling to reveal personal psychological attributes or are unaware of these psychological attributes (for a review of implicit attitudes and the tools used to measure them see Gawronski & De Houwer, 2014).The current gold standard method for assessing implicit attitudes is the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) and this tool has been increasingly used in clinically relevant areas (see https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/pimh/).The IAT has shown promise in predicting self-harm (Randall, Rowe, Dong, Nock, & Colman 2013), social anxiety disorders (Teachman & Allen, 2007) and suicidal ideation (Harrison, Stritzke, Fay, Ellison, & Hudaib, 2014). The current study questions the validity of a recently developed implicit measure, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP; BarnesHolmes, Barnes-Holmes, Stewart, & Boles, 2010a), which has also been u...

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The Role of Experimental Psychopathology and Laboratory‐Based Intervention Studies in Contextual Behavioral Science

Levin¹,

Villatte²

2015

The Wiley Handbook of Contextual Behavioral Science

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Implicit measurement of positive and negative future thinking as a predictor of depressive symptoms and hopelessness

Cited by 40 publications

References 71 publications

Parental bonding and neuropsychological performance are associated with episodic simulation of future events in trauma‐exposed patients with major depressive disorder

Parental bonding and neuropsychological performance are associated with episodic simulation of future events in trauma‐exposed patients with major depressive disorder

Measuring implicit attitudes: A positive framing bias flaw in the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).

The Role of Experimental Psychopathology and Laboratory‐Based Intervention Studies in Contextual Behavioral Science

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