“…Some compositions are uni-modal (eg, paintings are visual artworks, music is auditory art, etc), whereas some compositions are multi-modal (eg, opera, theatre, film, etc). Many studies and phenomenological demonstrations have shown that even the single iconic features (eg, colours, lines, and shapes) can provide some elementary meanings, such as dynamics, warmth, health, time, destruction, loneliness, and so on (cf Arnheim 1980 ; Janković and Marković 2001 , 2009 ; Oyama et al 2008 ; Palmer and Schloss 2010 ). These implicit perceptual meanings can be used as artistic means for creating the symbolic meanings on a narrative level.…”